subroutine Cumulus( xyz_Temp, xyz_QVap, xyz_Press, xyr_Press )
    !
    ! 対流調節スキームにより, 温度と比湿を調節します. 
    !
    ! Adjust temperature and specific humidity by 
    ! convective adjustment scheme. 
    !

    ! モジュール引用 ; USE statements
    !

    ! 物理定数設定
    ! Physical constants settings
    !
    use constants, only: GasRUniv, Grav, GasRDry, CpDry, GasRWet, LatentHeat, EpsV
                              ! $ \epsilon_v $ . 
                              ! 水蒸気分子量比. 
                              ! Molecular weight of water vapor

    ! 時刻管理
    ! Time control
    !
    use timeset, only: DelTime, TimeN, TimesetClockStart, TimesetClockStop

    ! ヒストリデータ出力
    ! History data output
    !
    use gtool_historyauto, only: HistoryAutoPut

    ! 宣言文 ; Declaration statements
    !
    implicit none

    real(DP), intent(inout):: xyz_Temp (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)
                              ! $ T $ .     温度. Temperature
    real(DP), intent(inout):: xyz_QVap (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)
                              ! $ q $ .     比湿. Specific humidity
    real(DP), intent(in):: xyz_Press (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)
                              ! $ p $ . 気圧 (整数レベル). 
                              ! Air pressure (full level)
    real(DP), intent(in):: xyr_Press (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 0:kmax)
                              ! $ \hat{p} $ . 気圧 (半整数レベル). 
                              ! Air pressure (half level)

    ! 作業変数
    ! Work variables
    !
    real(DP):: xy_Rain (0:imax-1, 1:jmax)
                              ! 降水量. 
                              ! Precipitation
    real(DP):: xyz_DTempDt (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)
                              ! 温度変化率. 
                              ! Temperature tendency
    real(DP):: xyz_DQVapDt (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)
                              ! 比湿変化率. 
                              ! Specific humidity tendency

    real(DP):: xyz_QVapB (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)
                              ! 調節前の比湿. 
                              ! Specific humidity before adjust. 
    real(DP):: xyz_TempB (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)
                              ! 調節前の温度. 
                              ! Temperature before adjust. 
    logical:: xy_Adjust (0:imax-1, 1:jmax)
                              ! 今回調節されたか否か?. 
                              ! Whether it was adjusted this time or not?
    logical:: xy_AdjustB (0:imax-1, 1:jmax)
                              ! 前回調節されたか否か?. 
                              ! Whether it was adjusted last time or not?
    real(DP):: xyz_DPressDz (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)
                              ! $ \DD{p}{z} $
                              !
    real(DP):: xyz_QVapSat (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)
                              ! 飽和比湿. 
                              ! Saturation specific humidity. 
    real(DP):: xyz_DDPressDDPress (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)
                              ! $ \DD{p_{k}}{p_{k-1}} $
                              !
    real(DP):: xyz_DPFact (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)
                              ! $ (R / C_p)
                              ! \frac{p_{k-1} - p_{k}}{2 p_{k-1/2}} $ . 
                              !
                              ! ファクター. 
                              ! Factor
    real(DP):: TempSat        ! $ S_t $ .
                              ! 飽和温度. 
                              ! Saturation temperature
    real(DP):: DelTempSat
                              ! 調節による飽和温度の変化量. 
                              ! Saturation temperature variation by adjustment
    real(DP):: DelQVap
                              ! 調節による比湿の変化量. 
                              ! Specific humidity variation by adjustment
    real(DP):: DelTempUpper
                              ! 調節による温度 (k) の変化量. 
                              ! Temperature (k) variation by adjustment
    real(DP):: DelTempLower
                              ! 調節による温度 (k-1) の変化量. 
                              ! Temperature (k-1) variation by adjustment
    real(DP):: DQVapSatDTempUpper
                              ! $ \DD{q^{*}} (k)}{T} $
    real(DP):: DQVapSatDTempLower
                              ! $ \DD{q^{*}} (k-1)}{T} $
    real(DP):: DHDTempUpper
                              ! $ 1 + \gamma_{k} =
                              ! 1 + \frac{L}{C_p} \DP{q^{*}}{T}_{k} $
    real(DP):: DHDTempLower
                              ! $ 1 + \gamma_{k-1} =
                              ! 1 + \frac{L}{C_p} \DP{q^{*}}{T}_{k-1} $
    logical:: Adjust
                              ! 今回全領域において一度でも調節されたか否か?. 
                              ! Whether it was adjusted even once in global 
                              ! this time or not?

    integer:: i               ! 経度方向に回る DO ループ用作業変数
                              ! Work variables for DO loop in longitude
    integer:: j               ! 緯度方向に回る DO ループ用作業変数
                              ! Work variables for DO loop in latitude
    integer:: k               ! 鉛直方向に回る DO ループ用作業変数
                              ! Work variables for DO loop in vertical direction
    integer:: itr             ! イテレーション方向に回る DO ループ用作業変数
                              ! Work variables for DO loop in iteration direction


    ! 実行文 ; Executable statement
    !

    ! 計算時間計測開始
    ! Start measurement of computation time
    !
    call TimesetClockStart( module_name )

    ! 初期化
    ! Initialization
    !
    if ( .not. cumulus_adjust_inited ) call CumAdjInit

    ! 調節前 "QVap", "Temp" の保存
    ! Store "QVap", "Temp" before adjustment
    !
    xyz_QVapB  = xyz_QVap
    xyz_TempB  = xyz_Temp
    
    ! ファクターの計算
    ! Calculate factor
    !
    do k = 1, kmax
      xyz_DPressDz(:,:,k) = xyr_Press(:,:,k-1) - xyr_Press(:,:,k)
    end do

    ! 飽和比湿計算
    ! Calculate saturation specific humidity
    !

    ! Nakajima et al. (1992) を用いた飽和比湿の計算
    ! Calculate saturation specific humidity with Nakajima et al. (1992) 
    !
    xyz_QVapSat = EpsV * ( P0Nha92 / xyz_Press ) * exp ( - LatHeatNha92 / ( GasRUniv * xyz_Temp ) )

!!$    call CalcQVapSat( phy_cumad % phy_sat, & ! (in)
!!$      &    xyz_Temp = xyz_Temp, &            ! (in)
!!$      &   xyz_Press = xyz_Press, &           ! (in)
!!$      & xyz_QVapSat = xyz_QVapSat, &         ! (out)
!!$      &         err = err )                  ! (out)

!!$    !  クラウジウスクラペイロンの式より飽和比湿計算
!!$    !  * 273 K の時の飽和水蒸気圧を ES0 (= 611 Pa) としている
!!$    !    * 浅井 冨男, 武田 喬男, 木村 竜治, 1981: 
!!$    !      大気科学講座 2 雲や降水を伴う大気, 東京大学出版会, 249pp. 
!!$    !  Calculate saturation specific humidity with Clausius Clapeyron equation
!!$    !  * Saturation vapor pressure is ES0 (= 611 Pa) at 273 K
!!$    !
!!$    xyz_QVapSat = EpsV * ES0  &
!!$      & * exp( EL / RVap * ( 1.0_DP / 273.0_DP - 1.0_DP / xyz_Temp ) ) &
!!$      &    / xyz_Press

    xyz_DDPressDDPress(:,:,1) = 0.0_DP
    do k = 2, kmax
      xyz_DDPressDDPress(:,:,k) = xyz_DPressDz(:,:,k) / xyz_DPressDz(:,:,k-1)
      xyz_DPFact(:,:,k) = GasRDry / CpDry * ( xyz_Press(:,:,k-1) - xyz_Press(:,:,k) ) / xyr_Press(:,:,k-1) / 2.0_DP
    end do

    ! 調節
    ! Adjustment
    !
    xy_AdjustB = .true.
    
    ! イテレーション
    ! Iteration
    !
    do itr = 1, ItrtMax
      xy_Adjust = .false.
      
      do k = 2, kmax
        do j = 1, jmax
          do i = 0, imax-1
            if ( xy_AdjustB(i,j) ) then
              
              TempSat = xyz_Temp(i,j,k-1) - xyz_Temp(i,j,k) + ( xyz_QVapSat(i,j,k-1) - xyz_QVapSat(i,j,k) ) * LatentHeat / CpDry - xyz_DPFact(i,j,k) * ( xyz_Temp(i,j,k-1) + xyz_Temp(i,j,k) )
              
              ! 不安定であるならば
              ! If it is unstable
              !
              if ( TempSat > TempSatMax(itr) ) then

                ! .. かつ, 飽和しているならば
                ! .. and, if it is saturated
                !
                if ( ( xyz_QVap(i,j,k) / xyz_QVapSat(i,j,k) >= CrtlRH ) .and. ( xyz_QVap(i,j,k-1) / xyz_QVapSat(i,j,k-1) >= CrtlRH ) ) then
                  
                  DelQVap = xyz_DPressDz(i,j,k-1) * (xyz_QVap(i,j,k-1) - xyz_QVapSat(i,j,k-1) ) + xyz_DPressDz(i,j,k) * (xyz_QVap(i,j,k) - xyz_QVapSat(i,j,k) ) 

                  DQVapSatDTempUpper = xyz_QVapSat(i,j,k) * ( LatHeatNha92 / ( GasRUniv * xyz_Temp(i,j,k)**2 ) )
                  
                  DQVapSatDTempLower = xyz_QVapSat(i,j,k-1) * ( LatHeatNha92 / ( GasRUniv * xyz_Temp(i,j,k-1)**2 ) )

!!$                  call CalcDQVapSatDTemp( phy_cumad % phy_sat, &  ! (in)
!!$                    &          Temp = xyz_Temp(i,j,k), &          ! (in)
!!$                    &         Press = xyz_Press(i,j,k), &         ! (in)
!!$                    & DQVapSatDTemp = DQVapSatDTempUpper )        ! (out)
!!$
!!$                  call CalcDQVapSatDTemp( phy_cumad % phy_sat, &  ! (in)
!!$                    &          Temp = xyz_Temp(i,j,k-1), &        ! (in)
!!$                    &         Press = xyz_Press(i,j,k-1), &       ! (in)
!!$                    & DQVapSatDTemp = DQVapSatDTempLower )        ! (out)
!!$
!!$                  DQvapSatDTempUpper = LatentHeat * xyz_QvapSat(i,j,k) &
!!$                    & / ( RVap * xyz_Temp(i,j,k) * xyz_Temp(i,j,k) )
!!$                  
!!$                  DQvapSatDTempLower = LatentHeat * xyz_QvapSat(i,j,k-1) &
!!$                    & / ( RVap * xyz_Temp(i,j,k-1) * xyz_Temp(i,j,k-1) )
                  
                  DHDTempUpper = 1.0_DP + LatentHeat/CpDry * DQVapSatDTempUpper
                  DHDTempLower = 1.0_DP + LatentHeat/CpDry * DQVapSatDTempLower
                  
                  DelTempSat = TempSat + ( 1.0_DP - xyz_DPFact(i,j,k) / DHDTempLower ) * LatentHeat/CpDry * DelQVap / xyz_DPressDz(i,j,k-1)
                  
                  ! 温度の調節
                  ! Adjust temperature
                  !
                  DelTempUpper = DelTempSat / ( ( 1.0_DP + xyz_DDPressDDPress(i,j,k) ) * DHDTempUpper + xyz_DPFact(i,j,k) * ( 1.0_DP - xyz_DDPressDDPress(i,j,k) * DHDTempUpper / DHDTempLower ) )
                  
                  DelTempLower = - DHDTempUpper / DHDTempLower * xyz_DDPressDDPress(i,j,k) * DelTempUpper + LatentHeat / CpDry * DelQVap / ( xyz_DPressDz(i,j,k-1) * DHDTempLower )
                  
                  xyz_Temp(i,j,k)   = xyz_Temp(i,j,k) + DelTempUpper
                  xyz_Temp(i,j,k-1) = xyz_Temp(i,j,k-1) + DelTempLower
                  
                  ! 比湿の調節
                  ! Adjust specific humidity
                  !
                  xyz_QVap(i,j,k) = xyz_QVapSat(i,j,k) + DQVapSatDTempUpper * DelTempUpper

                  xyz_QVap(i,j,k-1) = xyz_QVapSat(i,j,k-1) + DQVapSatDTempLower * DelTempLower

                  xyz_QVapSat(i,j,k)   = xyz_QVap(i,j,k)
                  xyz_QVapSat(i,j,k-1) = xyz_QVap(i,j,k-1)
                  
                  ! 調節したか否か?
                  ! Whether it was adjusted or not?
                  !
                  xy_Adjust(i,j) = .true.
                end if
                
              end if
              
            end if
          end do
        end do
      end do
      
      Adjust = .false.
      do i = 0, imax-1
        do j = 1, jmax
          xy_AdjustB(i,j) = xy_Adjust(i,j)
          Adjust          = Adjust .or. xy_Adjust(i,j)
        end do
      end do
      
      if ( .not. Adjust ) exit
      
    end do
    
    ! 比湿変化率, 温度変化率, 降水量の算出
    ! Calculate specific humidity tendency, temperature tendency, precipitation
    !
    xy_Rain     = 0.0_DP
    xyz_DTempDt = 0.0_DP
    xyz_DQVapDt = 0.0_DP

    xyz_DQVapDt = xyz_DQVapDt + ( xyz_QVap - xyz_QVapB ) / ( 2.0_DP * DelTime )

    xyz_DTempDt = xyz_DTempDt + ( xyz_Temp - xyz_TempB ) / ( 2.0_DP * DelTime )

    do k = 1, kmax
      xy_Rain = xy_Rain + ( xyz_QVapB(:,:,k) - xyz_QVap(:,:,k) ) * xyz_DPressDz(:,:,k) / Grav * LatentHeat / ( 2.0_DP * DelTime )
    end do

    ! ヒストリデータ出力
    ! History data output
    !
    call HistoryAutoPut( TimeN, 'RainCumulus',    xy_Rain )
    call HistoryAutoPut( TimeN, 'DTempDtCumulus', xyz_DTempDt )
    call HistoryAutoPut( TimeN, 'DQVapDtCumulus', xyz_DQVapDt )


    ! 計算時間計測一時停止
    ! Pause measurement of computation time
    !
    call TimesetClockStop( module_name )

  end subroutine Cumulus

  subroutine CumAdjInit
    !
    ! cumulus_adjust モジュールの初期化を行います. 
    ! NAMELIST#cumulus_adjust_nml の読み込みはこの手続きで行われます. 
    !
    ! "cumulus_adjust" module is initialized. 
    ! "NAMELIST#cumulus_adjust_nml" is loaded in this procedure. 
    !

    ! モジュール引用 ; USE statements
    !

    ! NAMELIST ファイル入力に関するユーティリティ
    ! Utilities for NAMELIST file input
    !
    use namelist_util, only: namelist_filename, NmlutilMsg, NmlutilAryValid

    ! ファイル入出力補助
    ! File I/O support
    !
    use dc_iounit, only: FileOpen

    ! 種別型パラメタ
    ! Kind type parameter
    !
    use dc_types, only: STDOUT ! 標準出力の装置番号. Unit number of standard output

    ! 文字列操作
    ! Character handling
    !
    use dc_string, only: StoA

    ! ヒストリデータ出力
    ! History data output
    !
    use gtool_historyauto, only: HistoryAutoAddVariable

    ! 宣言文 ; Declaration statements
    !
    implicit none

    integer:: unit_nml        ! NAMELIST ファイルオープン用装置番号. 
                              ! Unit number for NAMELIST file open
    integer:: iostat_nml      ! NAMELIST 読み込み時の IOSTAT. 
                              ! IOSTAT of NAMELIST read

    ! NAMELIST 変数群
    ! NAMELIST group name
    !
    namelist /cumulus_adjust_nml/ CrtlRH, ItrtMax, TempSatMax
          !
          ! デフォルト値については初期化手続 "cumulus_adjust#CumAdjInit" 
          ! のソースコードを参照のこと. 
          !
          ! Refer to source codes in the initialization procedure
          ! "cumulus_adjust#CumAdjInit" for the default values. 
          !

    ! 実行文 ; Executable statement
    !

    if ( cumulus_adjust_inited ) return
    call InitCheck

    ! デフォルト値の設定
    ! Default values settings
    !
    CrtlRH  = 0.990_DP
    ItrtMax = 10
    TempSatMax(1:ItrtMax) = (/ 0.01_DP, 0.02_DP, 0.02_DP, 0.05_DP, 0.05_DP, 0.10_DP, 0.10_DP, 0.20_DP, 0.20_DP, 0.40_DP  /)


    ! NAMELIST の読み込み
    ! NAMELIST is input
    !
    if ( trim(namelist_filename) /= '' ) then
      call FileOpen( unit_nml, namelist_filename, mode = 'r' ) ! (in)

      rewind( unit_nml )
      read( unit_nml, nml = cumulus_adjust_nml, iostat = iostat_nml )        ! (out)
      close( unit_nml )

      call NmlutilMsg( iostat_nml, module_name ) ! (in)
!!$      if ( iostat_nml == 0 ) write( STDOUT, nml = cumulus_adjust_nml )
    end if

    ! イテレーション回数, 不安定の許容誤差のチェック
    ! Check number of iteration, admissible error of unstability
    !
    call NmlutilAryValid( module_name, TempSatMax, 'TempSatMax', ItrtMax,    'ItrtMax' )          ! (in)


    ! ヒストリデータ出力のためのへの変数登録
    ! Register of variables for history data output
    !
    call HistoryAutoAddVariable( 'RainCumulus', (/ 'lon ', 'lat ', 'time' /), 'precipitation by cumulus scheme', 'W m-2' )
    call HistoryAutoAddVariable( 'DTempDtCumulus', (/ 'lon ', 'lat ', 'sig ', 'time' /), 'cumulus condensation heating', 'K s-1' )
    call HistoryAutoAddVariable( 'DQVapDtCumulus', (/ 'lon ', 'lat ', 'sig ', 'time' /), 'cumulus condensation moistening', 'kg kg-1 s-1' )

    ! 印字 ; Print
    !
    call MessageNotify( 'M', module_name, '----- Initialization Messages -----' )
    call MessageNotify( 'M', module_name, '  CrtlRH  = %f', d = (/ CrtlRH /) )
    call MessageNotify( 'M', module_name, '  ItrtMax = %d', i = (/ ItrtMax /) )
    call MessageNotify( 'M', module_name, '  TempSatMax = (/ %*r /)', r = real( TempSatMax(1:ItrtMax) ), n = (/ ItrtMax /) )
    call MessageNotify( 'M', module_name, '-- version = %c', c1 = trim(version) )

    cumulus_adjust_inited = .true.
  end subroutine CumAdjInit

  subroutine InitCheck
    !
    ! 依存モジュールの初期化チェック
    !
    ! Check initialization of dependency modules

    ! モジュール引用 ; USE statements
    !

    ! NAMELIST ファイル入力に関するユーティリティ
    ! Utilities for NAMELIST file input
    !
    use namelist_util, only: namelist_util_inited

    ! 格子点設定
    ! Grid points settings
    !
    use gridset, only: gridset_inited

    ! 物理定数設定
    ! Physical constants settings
    !
    use constants, only: constants_inited

    ! 座標データ設定
    ! Axes data settings
    !
    use axesset, only: axesset_inited

    ! 時刻管理
    ! Time control
    !
    use timeset, only: timeset_inited

    ! 実行文 ; Executable statement
    !

    if ( .not. namelist_util_inited ) call MessageNotify( 'E', module_name, '"namelist_util" module is not initialized.' )

    if ( .not. gridset_inited ) call MessageNotify( 'E', module_name, '"gridset" module is not initialized.' )

    if ( .not. constants_inited ) call MessageNotify( 'E', module_name, '"constants" module is not initialized.' )

    if ( .not. axesset_inited ) call MessageNotify( 'E', module_name, '"axesset" module is not initialized.' )

    if ( .not. timeset_inited ) call MessageNotify( 'E', module_name, '"timeset" module is not initialized.' )

  end subroutine InitCheck