subroutine RadEarthSWV23Flux( xy_SurfAlbedo, xyz_DelAtmMass, xyz_DelH2OVapMass, xyz_DelH2OLiqMass, xyz_DelH2OSolMass, xyz_DelO3Mass, xyz_Press, xyz_Temp, xyz_CloudCover, xyr_RadSUwFlux, xyr_RadSDwFlux )

    ! USE statements
    !

    ! 太陽放射フラックスの設定
    ! Set solar constant
    !
    use set_solarconst, only : SetSolarConst

    ! 短波入射 (太陽入射)
    ! Short wave (insolation) incoming
    !
    use rad_short_income, only : RadShortIncome

    !
    ! Solve radiative transfer equation in two stream approximation
    !
    use rad_rte_two_stream_app, only: RadRTETwoStreamAppSW

    ! Chou and Lee (1996) による短波放射モデル
    ! Short wave radiation model described by Chou and Lee (1996)
    !
    use rad_CL1996, only : RadCL1996NumBands      , RadCL1996UVVISParams   , RadCL1996IRH2ONumKDFBin, RadCL1996IRH2OKDFParams, RadCL1996ScaleH2OVapMass


    ! Chou et al (1998) による短波放射用雲モデル
    ! Cloud model for short wave radiation model described by Chou et al (1998)
    !
    use rad_C1998, only : RadC1998CalcCloudOptProp

    ! 雲関系ルーチン
    ! Cloud-related routines
    !
    use cloud_utils, only : CloudUtilsLocalizeCloud


    real(DP), intent(in ) :: xy_SurfAlbedo    (0:imax-1, 1:jmax )
    real(DP), intent(in ) :: xyz_DelAtmMass   (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)
    real(DP), intent(in ) :: xyz_DelH2OVapMass(0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)
    real(DP), intent(in ) :: xyz_DelH2OLiqMass(0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)
    real(DP), intent(in ) :: xyz_DelH2OSolMass(0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)
    real(DP), intent(in ) :: xyz_DelO3Mass    (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)
    real(DP), intent(in ) :: xyz_Press        (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)
    real(DP), intent(in ) :: xyz_Temp         (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)
    real(DP), intent(in ) :: xyz_CloudCover   (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)
    real(DP), intent(out) :: xyr_RadSUwFlux   (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 0:kmax)
    real(DP), intent(out) :: xyr_RadSDwFlux   (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 0:kmax)


    real(DP) :: SolarConst

    real(DP) :: xy_InAngle    (0:imax-1, 1:jmax)
                              ! sec (入射角).
                              ! sec (angle of incidence)
    real(DP) :: DistFromStarScld
                               ! Distance between the central star and the planet
    real(DP) :: DiurnalMeanFactor


    integer  :: nbands1
    integer  :: nbands2

    real(DP) :: UVVISFracSolarFlux
    real(DP) :: UVVISO3AbsCoef
    real(DP) :: UVVISRayScatCoef

    real(DP) :: SolarFluxTOA



    real(DP) :: xyz_SSA       (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)
    real(DP) :: xyz_AF        (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)


    real(DP), parameter :: RayScatSinScatAlb = 1.0d0 - 1.0d-10
    real(DP), parameter :: RayScatAsymFact   = 0.0d0

    real(DP)            :: xyz_DelH2OVapMassScaled( 0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax )

    real(DP)            :: xyz_DelCloudWatOptDep( 0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax )
    real(DP)            :: xyz_DelCloudIceOptDep( 0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax )

    real(DP)            :: xyz_RayScatDelOptDep( 0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax )

    real(DP)            :: xyz_O3AbsDelOptDep  ( 0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax )

    real(DP)            :: xyz_DelTotOptDep( 0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax )
    real(DP)            :: xyr_TotOptDep   ( 0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 0:kmax )
    real(DP)            :: xyr_RadFlux     ( 0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 0:kmax )
    real(DP)            :: xyr_RadUwFlux   ( 0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 0:kmax )
    real(DP)            :: xyr_RadDwFlux   ( 0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 0:kmax )

    integer  :: nkdf

    integer  :: ikdfbin
    real(DP) :: KDFAbsCoef
    real(DP) :: KDFWeight
    real(DP) :: xyz_H2ODelOptDep( 0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax )


    real(DP) :: xyz_CloudREff   (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)
    real(DP) :: xyz_CloudExtCoef(0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)
    real(DP) :: xyz_CloudCoAlb  (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)
    real(DP) :: xyz_CloudWatSSA (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)
    real(DP) :: xyz_CloudWatAF  (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)
    real(DP) :: xyz_CloudIceSSA (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)
    real(DP) :: xyz_CloudIceAF  (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)

    real(DP) :: xy_CloudCoverMax (0:imax-1, 1:jmax)
    real(DP) :: xyz_CloudCoverMax(0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)

    real(DP) :: xyz_DelH2OLiqMassLocal(0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)
    real(DP) :: xyz_DelH2OSolMassLocal(0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)


    integer  :: i
    integer  :: j
    integer  :: k
    integer  :: l
    integer  :: n


    ! 初期化確認
    ! Initialization check
    !
    if ( .not. rad_Earth_SW_V2_3_inited ) then
      call MessageNotify( 'E', module_name, 'This module has not been initialized.' )
    end if


    ! 計算時間計測開始
    ! Start measurement of computation time
    !
    call TimesetClockStart( module_name )


    ! 太陽放射フラックスの設定
    ! Set solar constant
    !
    call SetSolarConst( SolarConst )

    ! 短波入射の計算
    ! Calculate short wave (insolation) incoming radiation
    !
    call RadShortIncome( xy_InAngle        = xy_InAngle, DistFromStarScld  = DistFromStarScld, DiurnalMeanFactor = DiurnalMeanFactor )


    call RadCL1996NumBands( nbands1, nbands2 )


    ! Find maximum cloud cover in a column
    !
    xy_CloudCoverMax = 0.0_DP
    do k = 1, kmax
      do j = 1, jmax
        do i = 0, imax-1
          if ( xyz_CloudCover(i,j,k) > xy_CloudCoverMax(i,j) ) then
            xy_CloudCoverMax(i,j) = xyz_CloudCover(i,j,k)
          end if
        end do
      end do
    end do
    !
    do k = 1, kmax
      xyz_CloudCoverMax(:,:,k) = xy_CloudCoverMax
    end do
    xyz_DelH2OLiqMassLocal = xyz_DelH2OLiqMass
    call CloudUtilsLocalizeCloud( xyz_CloudCoverMax, xyz_DelH2OLiqMassLocal )
    xyz_DelH2OSolMassLocal = xyz_DelH2OSolMass
    call CloudUtilsLocalizeCloud( xyz_CloudCoverMax, xyz_DelH2OSolMassLocal )


    ! Initialization
    !
    xyr_RadSUwFlux = 0.0_DP
    xyr_RadSDwFlux = 0.0_DP

    ! Loop for cloud effect
    ! n = 1 : clear sky
    ! n = 2 : cloudy sty
    cloud_loop : do n = 1, 2

      ! * 14286 to 57143 cm-1 (0.175 to 0.70 micron): 
      !   * Rayleigh scattering, 
      !   * scattering by cloud droplets. 
      !   * O3 absorption
      !
      do l = 1, nbands1

        select case ( n )
        case ( 1 ) ! clear sky
          xyz_DelCloudWatOptDep = 0.0_DP
          xyz_CloudWatSSA       = 0.0_DP
          xyz_CloudWatAF        = 0.0_DP
          !
          xyz_DelCloudIceOptDep = 0.0_DP
          xyz_CloudIceSSA       = 0.0_DP
          xyz_CloudIceAF        = 0.0_DP
        case ( 2 ) ! cloudy sky
          ! Water cloud optical properties
          !
          xyz_CloudREff = CloudWatREff
          call RadC1998CalcCloudOptProp( 'Liquid', l, xyz_CloudREff, xyz_CloudExtCoef, xyz_CloudCoAlb, xyz_CloudWatAF )
          xyz_DelCloudWatOptDep = xyz_CloudExtCoef * xyz_DelH2OLiqMass
          xyz_CloudWatSSA       = 1.0_DP - xyz_CloudCoAlb
          !
          ! Ice cloud optical properties
          !
          xyz_CloudREff = CloudIceREff
          call RadC1998CalcCloudOptProp( 'Ice', l, xyz_CloudREff, xyz_CloudExtCoef, xyz_CloudCoAlb, xyz_CloudIceAF )
          xyz_DelCloudIceOptDep = xyz_CloudExtCoef * xyz_DelH2OSolMass
          xyz_CloudIceSSA       = 1.0_DP - xyz_CloudCoAlb
        case default
          call MessageNotify( 'E', module_name, 'Unexected number of n' )
        end select


        ! UV and Visible optical properties and solar flux
        !
        call RadCL1996UVVISParams( l, UVVISFracSolarFlux, UVVISO3AbsCoef, UVVISRayScatCoef )

        SolarFluxTOA = UVVISFracSolarFlux * SolarConst / DistFromStarScld**2 * DiurnalMeanFactor


        ! Rayleigh scattering
        !
        if ( FlagRayleighScattering ) then
          xyz_RayScatDelOptDep = UVVISRayScatCoef * xyz_DelAtmMass
        else
          xyz_RayScatDelOptDep = 0.0d0
        end if


        ! O3 absorption
        !
        xyz_O3AbsDelOptDep = UVVISO3AbsCoef * xyz_DelO3Mass


        ! Total optical parameter
        !
        xyz_DelTotOptDep = xyz_DelCloudWatOptDep + xyz_DelCloudIceOptDep + xyz_RayScatDelOptDep + xyz_O3AbsDelOptDep
        !
        xyr_TotOptDep(:,:,kmax) = 0.0d0
        do k = kmax-1, 0, -1
          xyr_TotOptDep(:,:,k) = xyr_TotOptDep(:,:,k+1) + xyz_DelTotOptDep(:,:,k+1)
        end do
        !
        xyz_SSA = ( xyz_CloudWatSSA   * xyz_DelCloudWatOptDep + xyz_CloudIceSSA   * xyz_DelCloudIceOptDep + RayScatSinScatAlb * xyz_RayScatDelOptDep + 0.0d0             * xyz_O3AbsDelOptDep   ) / ( xyz_DelTotOptDep + 1.0d-100 )
        do k = 1, kmax
          do j = 1, jmax
            do i = 0, imax-1
              if ( xyz_SSA(i,j,k) >= 1.0d0 ) then
                xyz_SSA(i,j,k) = 1.0d0 - 1.0d-10
              end if
            end do
          end do
        end do
        xyz_AF  = ( xyz_CloudWatAF    * xyz_CloudWatSSA   * xyz_DelCloudWatOptDep + xyz_CloudIceAF    * xyz_CloudIceSSA   * xyz_DelCloudIceOptDep + RayScatAsymFact   * RayScatSinScatAlb * xyz_RayScatDelOptDep + 0.0d0             * 0.0d0             * xyz_O3AbsDelOptDep   ) / ( xyz_SSA * xyz_DelTotOptDep + 1.0d-100 )


        call RadRTETwoStreamAppSW( xyz_SSA, xyz_AF, xyr_TotOptDep, xy_SurfAlbedo, SolarFluxTOA, xy_InAngle, xyr_RadUwFlux, xyr_RadDwFlux )

        select case ( n )
        case ( 1 ) ! clear sky
          do k = 0, kmax
            xyr_RadSUwFlux(:,:,k) = xyr_RadSUwFlux(:,:,k) + xyr_RadUwFlux(:,:,k) * ( 1.0_DP - xy_CloudCoverMax )
            xyr_RadSDwFlux(:,:,k) = xyr_RadSDwFlux(:,:,k) + xyr_RadDwFlux(:,:,k) * ( 1.0_DP - xy_CloudCoverMax )
          end do
        case ( 2 ) ! cloudy sky
          do k = 0, kmax
            xyr_RadSUwFlux(:,:,k) = xyr_RadSUwFlux(:,:,k) + xyr_RadUwFlux(:,:,k) * xy_CloudCoverMax
            xyr_RadSDwFlux(:,:,k) = xyr_RadSDwFlux(:,:,k) + xyr_RadDwFlux(:,:,k) * xy_CloudCoverMax
          end do
        case default
          call MessageNotify( 'E', module_name, 'Unexected number of n' )
        end select

      end do


      ! * 1000 to 14286 cm-1 (0.70-10 micron): 
      !   * absorption by H2O, 
      !   * scattering by cloud droplets.
      !

      call RadCL1996ScaleH2OVapMass( xyz_Temp, xyz_DelH2OVapMass, xyz_Press, xyz_DelH2OVapMassScaled )


      call RadCL1996IRH2ONumKDFBin( nkdf )


      SolarFluxTOA = SolarConst / DistFromStarScld**2 * DiurnalMeanFactor

      do l = nbands1+1, nbands1+nbands2

        select case ( n )
        case ( 1 ) ! clear sky
          xyz_DelCloudWatOptDep = 0.0_DP
          xyz_CloudWatSSA       = 0.0_DP
          xyz_CloudWatAF        = 0.0_DP
          !
          xyz_DelCloudIceOptDep = 0.0_DP
          xyz_CloudIceSSA       = 0.0_DP
          xyz_CloudIceAF        = 0.0_DP
        case ( 2 ) ! cloudy sky
          ! Water cloud optical properties
          !
          xyz_CloudREff = CloudWatREff
          call RadC1998CalcCloudOptProp( 'Liquid', l, xyz_CloudREff, xyz_CloudExtCoef, xyz_CloudCoAlb, xyz_CloudWatAF )
          xyz_DelCloudWatOptDep = xyz_CloudExtCoef * xyz_DelH2OLiqMass
          xyz_CloudWatSSA       = 1.0_DP - xyz_CloudCoAlb
          !
          ! Ice cloud optical properties
          !
          xyz_CloudREff = CloudIceREff
          call RadC1998CalcCloudOptProp( 'Ice', l, xyz_CloudREff, xyz_CloudExtCoef, xyz_CloudCoAlb, xyz_CloudIceAF )
          xyz_DelCloudIceOptDep = xyz_CloudExtCoef * xyz_DelH2OSolMass
          xyz_CloudIceSSA       = 1.0_DP - xyz_CloudCoAlb
        case default
          call MessageNotify( 'E', module_name, 'Unexected number of n' )
        end select


        do ikdfbin = 1, nkdf

          call RadCL1996IRH2OKDFParams( l, ikdfbin, KDFAbsCoef, KDFWeight )

          xyz_H2ODelOptDep = KDFAbsCoef * xyz_DelH2OVapMassScaled


          ! Total optical parameter
          !
          xyz_DelTotOptDep = xyz_DelCloudWatOptDep + xyz_DelCloudIceOptDep + xyz_H2ODelOptDep

          xyr_TotOptDep(:,:,kmax) = 0.0d0
          do k = kmax-1, 0, -1
            xyr_TotOptDep(:,:,k) = xyr_TotOptDep(:,:,k+1) + xyz_DelTotOptDep(:,:,k+1)
          end do

          xyz_SSA = ( xyz_CloudWatSSA   * xyz_DelCloudWatOptDep + xyz_CloudIceSSA   * xyz_DelCloudIceOptDep + 0.0d0             * xyz_H2ODelOptDep      ) / ( xyz_DelTotOptDep + 1.0d-100 )
          do k = 1, kmax
            do j = 1, jmax
              do i = 0, imax-1
                if ( xyz_SSA(i,j,k) >= 1.0d0 ) then
                  xyz_SSA(i,j,k) = 1.0d0 - 1.0d-10
                end if
              end do
            end do
          end do
          xyz_AF  = ( xyz_CloudWatAF    * xyz_CloudWatSSA   * xyz_DelCloudWatOptDep + xyz_CloudIceAF    * xyz_CloudIceSSA   * xyz_DelCloudIceOptDep + 0.0d0             * 0.0d0             * xyz_H2ODelOptDep     ) / ( xyz_ssa * xyz_DelTotOptDep + 1.0d-100 )


          call RadRTETwoStreamAppSW( xyz_SSA, xyz_AF, xyr_TotOptDep, xy_SurfAlbedo, SolarFluxTOA, xy_InAngle, xyr_RadUwFlux, xyr_RadDwFlux )


          xyr_RadUwFlux = xyr_RadUwFlux * KDFWeight
          xyr_RadDwFlux = xyr_RadDwFlux * KDFWeight

!!$          xyr_RadSUwFlux = xyr_RadSUwFlux + xyr_RadUwFlux
!!$          xyr_RadSDwFlux = xyr_RadSDwFlux + xyr_RadDwFlux
          select case ( n )
          case ( 1 ) ! clear sky
            do k = 0, kmax
              xyr_RadSUwFlux(:,:,k) = xyr_RadSUwFlux(:,:,k) + xyr_RadUwFlux(:,:,k) * ( 1.0_DP - xy_CloudCoverMax )
              xyr_RadSDwFlux(:,:,k) = xyr_RadSDwFlux(:,:,k) + xyr_RadDwFlux(:,:,k) * ( 1.0_DP - xy_CloudCoverMax )
            end do
          case ( 2 ) ! cloudy sky
            do k = 0, kmax
              xyr_RadSUwFlux(:,:,k) = xyr_RadSUwFlux(:,:,k) + xyr_RadUwFlux(:,:,k) * xy_CloudCoverMax
              xyr_RadSDwFlux(:,:,k) = xyr_RadSDwFlux(:,:,k) + xyr_RadDwFlux(:,:,k) * xy_CloudCoverMax
            end do
          case default
            call MessageNotify( 'E', module_name, 'Unexected number of n' )
          end select

        end do

      end do

    end do cloud_loop



!!$    i = 0
!!$    j = jmax / 2 + 1
!!$    do k = 1, kmax
!!$      write( 73, * ) xyz_Temp(i,j,k), xyz_QH2OVap(i,j,k), &
!!$        & xyz_Press(i,j,k)
!!$    end do
!!$    call flush( 73 )
!!$
!!$    i = 0
!!$    j = jmax / 2 + 1
!!$    do k = 1, kmax
!!$      write( 83, * ) &
!!$        & + (     xyr_RadSFlux(i,j,k-1) - xyr_RadSFlux(i,j,k) )  &
!!$        &     / ( xyr_Press(i,j,k-1)    - xyr_Press(i,j,k) )     &
!!$        &     / 1004.6 * Grav, &
!!$        & xyz_Press(i,j,k)
!!$    end do
!!$    call flush( 83 )
!!$
!!$!    write( 6, * ) '########## ', acos( 1.0d0 / xy_InAngle(i,j) ) * 180.0d0 / 3.141592d0
!!$
!!$
!!$    i = 0
!!$    j = jmax / 2 + 1
!!$    write( 93, * ) '# ', xy_SurfAlbedo(i,j)
!!$    write( 93, * ) '# ', 1.0_DP / xy_InAngle(i,j)
!!$    do k = 0, kmax
!!$      write( 93, * ) xyr_RadSFlux(i,j,k), xyr_Press(i,j,k)
!!$    end do
!!$    call flush( 93 )
!!$    stop


    ! 計算時間計測一時停止
    ! Pause measurement of computation time
    !
    call TimesetClockStop( module_name )


  end subroutine RadEarthSWV23Flux

  subroutine RadEarthSWV23Init( FlagSnow )

    ! ファイル入出力補助
    ! File I/O support
    !
    use dc_iounit, only: FileOpen

    ! NAMELIST ファイル入力に関するユーティリティ
    ! Utilities for NAMELIST file input
    !
    use namelist_util, only: namelist_filename, NmlutilMsg, NmlutilAryValid

    ! 太陽放射フラックスの設定
    ! Set solar constant
    !
    use set_solarconst, only : SetSolarConstInit

    ! 短波入射 (太陽入射)
    ! Short wave (insolation) incoming
    !
    use rad_short_income, only : RadShortIncomeInit

    !
    ! Solve radiative transfer equation in two stream approximation
    !
    use rad_rte_two_stream_app, only: RadRTETwoStreamAppInit

    ! Chou and Lee (1996) による短波放射モデル
    ! Short wave radiation model described by Chou and Lee (1996)
    !
    use rad_CL1996, only : RadCL1996Init

    ! Chou et al (1998) による短波放射用雲モデル
    ! Cloud model for short wave radiation model described by Chou et al (1998)
    !
    use rad_C1998, only : RadC1998Init

    ! 雲関系ルーチン
    ! Cloud-related routines
    !
    use cloud_utils, only : CloudUtilsInit


    ! 宣言文 ; Declaration statements
    !
    logical, intent(in) :: FlagSnow

    integer:: unit_nml        ! NAMELIST ファイルオープン用装置番号.
                              ! Unit number for NAMELIST file open
    integer:: iostat_nml      ! NAMELIST 読み込み時の IOSTAT.
                              ! IOSTAT of NAMELIST read

    ! NAMELIST 変数群
    ! NAMELIST group name
    !
    namelist /rad_Earth_SW_V2_3_nml/ FlagRayleighScattering, CloudWatREff, CloudIceREff
          !
          ! デフォルト値については初期化手続 "rad_Earth_SW_V2_3#RadEarthSWV23Init"
          ! のソースコードを参照のこと.
          !
          ! Refer to source codes in the initialization procedure
          ! "rad_Earth_SW_V2_3#RadEarthSWEV23Init" for the default values.
          !

    if ( rad_Earth_SW_V2_3_inited ) return


    ! デフォルト値の設定
    ! Default values settings
    !
    FlagRayleighScattering = .true.

    CloudWatREff           = 10.0d-6
    CloudIceREff           = 50.0d-6

    ! NAMELIST の読み込み
    ! NAMELIST is input
    !
    if ( trim(namelist_filename) /= '' ) then
      call FileOpen( unit_nml, namelist_filename, mode = 'r' ) ! (in)

      rewind( unit_nml )
      read( unit_nml, nml = rad_Earth_SW_V2_3_nml, iostat = iostat_nml )                  ! (out)
      close( unit_nml )

      call NmlutilMsg( iostat_nml, module_name ) ! (in)
    end if



    ! Initialization of modules used in this module
    !

    ! 太陽放射フラックスの設定
    ! Set solar constant
    !
    call SetSolarConstInit

    ! 短波入射 (太陽入射)
    ! Short wave (insolation) incoming
    !
    call RadShortIncomeInit

    !
    ! Solve radiative transfer equation in two stream approximation
    !
    call RadRTETwoStreamAppInit

    ! Chou and Lee (1996) による短波放射モデル
    ! Short wave radiation model described by Chou and Lee (1996)
    !
    call RadCL1996Init

    ! Chou et al (1998) による短波放射用雲モデル
    ! Cloud model for short wave radiation model described by Chou et al (1998)
    !
    call RadC1998Init

    ! 雲関系ルーチン
    ! Cloud-related routines
    !
    call CloudUtilsInit( FlagSnow )

    ! 印字 ; Print
    !
    call MessageNotify( 'M', module_name, '----- Initialization Messages -----' )
    call MessageNotify( 'M', module_name, 'FlagRayleighScattering = %b', l = (/ FlagRayleighScattering /) )
    call MessageNotify( 'M', module_name, 'CloudWatREff           = %f', d = (/ CloudWatREff /) )
    call MessageNotify( 'M', module_name, 'CloudIceREff           = %f', d = (/ CloudIceREff /) )
    call MessageNotify( 'M', module_name, '-- version = %c', c1 = trim(version) )


    rad_Earth_SW_V2_3_inited = .true.

  end subroutine RadEarthSWV23Init