subroutine SetSurfaceProperties( xy_SurfTemp, xy_SurfRoughLength, xy_SurfHeatCapacity, xy_GroundTempFlux, xy_SurfCond, xy_SurfHeight )
    !
    ! 惑星表面特性を設定します. 
    !
    ! Set surface properties. 
    !

    ! モジュール引用 ; USE statements
    !
    ! 地表面データ提供
    ! Prepare surface data
    !
    use surface_data, only: SetSurfData

    ! 粗度長の設定, 陸面と海洋の差のみ考慮
    ! Set roughness length, only considering land-ocean contrast
    !
    use roughlen_landoceancontrast, only: SetRoughLenLandOceanContrast

    ! Matthews のデータに基づく地面粗度の設定
    ! set roughness length on land surface based on data by Matthews
    !
    use roughlen_Matthews, only: SetRoughLenLandMatthews

    ! gtool4 データ入力
    ! Gtool4 data input
    !
    use gtool_history, only: HistoryGet

    ! 文字列操作
    ! Character handling
    !
    use dc_string, only: toChar

    ! 時刻管理
    ! Time control
    !
    use timeset, only: TimeN, EndTime, TimesetClockStart, TimesetClockStop


    use read_time_series, only: SetValuesFromTimeSeriesWrapper


    ! 宣言文 ; Declaration statements
    !
    implicit none
    real(DP), intent(inout), optional:: xy_SurfTemp (0:imax-1, 1:jmax)
                              ! 地表面温度. 
                              ! Surface temperature
    real(DP), intent(inout), optional:: xy_SurfRoughLength (0:imax-1, 1:jmax)
                              ! 地表粗度長. 
                              ! Surface rough length
    real(DP), intent(inout), optional:: xy_SurfHeatCapacity (0:imax-1, 1:jmax)
                              ! 地表熱容量. 
                              ! Surface heat capacity
    real(DP), intent(inout), optional:: xy_GroundTempFlux (0:imax-1, 1:jmax)
                              ! 地中熱フラックス. 
                              ! Ground temperature flux
    integer , intent(inout), optional:: xy_SurfCond (0:imax-1, 1:jmax)
                              ! 地表状態 (0: 固定, 1: 可変). 
                              ! Surface condition (0: fixed, 1: variable)
    real(DP), intent(inout), optional:: xy_SurfHeight (0:imax-1, 1:jmax)
                              ! $ z_s $ . 地表面高度. 
                              ! Surface height. 

    ! 作業変数
    ! Work variables
    !
    real(DP), allocatable, save:: xy_SurfTempSave (:,:)
                              ! 地表面温度の保存値 (K)
                              ! Saved values of surface temperature (K)

    logical, save:: flag_first_SurfCond = .true.
                              ! 初回を示すフラグ. 
                              ! Flag that indicates first loop

    logical, save:: flag_first_SurfTemp         = .true.
    logical, save:: flag_first_SurfHeight       = .true.
    logical, save:: flag_first_SurfRoughLength  = .true.
    logical, save:: flag_first_SurfHeatCapacity = .true.
    logical, save:: flag_first_GroundTempFlux   = .true.

    logical:: flag_mpi_init

    integer:: i               ! 経度方向に回る DO ループ用作業変数
                              ! Work variables for DO loop in longitude
    integer:: j               ! 緯度方向に回る DO ループ用作業変数
                              ! Work variables for DO loop in latitude


    ! 実行文 ; Executable statement
    !

    ! 計算時間計測開始
    ! Start measurement of computation time
    !
    call TimesetClockStart( module_name )

    ! 初期化
    ! Initialization
    !
    if ( .not. surface_properties_inited ) call SurfacePropertiesInit


    flag_mpi_init = .true.


    ! NOTICE:
    ! The surface condition has to be set, before other fields are set.
    !
    !
    ! 地表状態
    ! Surface condition
    !
    if ( present(xy_SurfCond) ) then

      if ( SurfCondSetting == 'file' ) then
        ! データをファイルから取得
        ! Data is input from files
        !
        if ( flag_first_SurfCond ) then
          call HistoryGet( SurfCondFile, SurfCondName, xy_SurfCond, flag_mpi_split = flag_mpi_init )  ! (in) optional
        end if
      else if ( SurfCondSetting == 'generate_internally' ) then
        ! データ (デフォルト値) を surface_data モジュールから取得
        ! Data (default values) is input from "surface_data" module
        !
        if ( flag_first_SurfCond ) then
          call SetSurfData( xy_SurfCond = xy_SurfCond )
        end if
      else
        call MessageNotify( 'E', module_name, ' SurfCondSetting = %c is not appropriate.', c1 = trim(SurfCondSetting) )
      end if

      flag_first_SurfCond = .false.

    end if

    ! NOTICE:
    ! Before set surface temperature, sea ice distribution has to be set.
    !
    ! 地表面温度
    ! surface temperature
    !
    if ( present(xy_SurfTemp) ) then

      if ( flag_first_SurfTemp ) then
        ! 保存用変数の割付
        ! Allocate a variable for save
        !
        allocate( xy_SurfTempSave  (0:imax-1, 1:jmax) )
      end if
      if ( SurfTempSetting == 'file' ) then
        ! データをファイルから取得
        ! Data is input from files
        !
!!$        if ( flag_first_SurfTemp ) then
!!$          call HistoryGet( &
!!$            & SurfTempFile, SurfTempName, &    ! (in)
!!$            & xy_SurfTempSave, &               ! (out)
!!$            & flag_mpi_split = flag_mpi_init ) ! (in) optional
!!$        end if
        call SetValuesFromTimeSeriesWrapper( SurfTempFile, SurfTempName, xy_SurfTempSave, 'SST' )
      else if ( SurfTempSetting == 'generate_internally' ) then
        ! データ (デフォルト値) を surface_data モジュールから取得
        ! Data (default values) is input from "surface_data" module
        !
        if ( flag_first_SurfTemp ) then
          call SetSurfData( xy_SurfTemp = xy_SurfTempSave )
        end if
      else
        call MessageNotify( 'E', module_name, ' SurfTempSetting = %c is not appropriate.', c1 = trim(SurfTempSetting) )
      end if
      ! 地表面温度を SST で置き換え ( xy_SurfCond <=0 の場所のみ )
      ! Surface temperature is replaced with SST ( only xy_SurfCond <=0 )
      !
      if ( present(xy_SurfTemp) ) then
        do j = 1, jmax
          do i = 0, imax-1
            if ( ( xy_SurfCond(i,j)     <= 0              ) .and. ( xy_SurfTempSave(i,j) >  0.0_DP         ) ) then
                xy_SurfTemp(i,j) = xy_SurfTempSave(i,j)
            end if
          end do
        end do
      end if

      flag_first_SurfTemp = .false.
    end if

    ! 地形
    ! Topography
    !
    if ( present(xy_SurfHeight) ) then

      if ( SurfHeightSetting == 'file' ) then
        ! データをファイルから取得
        ! Data is input from files
        !
        if ( flag_first_SurfHeight ) then
          call HistoryGet( SurfHeightFile, SurfHeightName, xy_SurfHeight, flag_mpi_split = flag_mpi_init )   ! (in) optional
        end if
      else if ( SurfHeightSetting == 'generate_internally' ) then
        if ( flag_first_SurfHeight ) then
          xy_SurfHeight = 0.0_DP
        end if
      else
        call MessageNotify( 'E', module_name, ' SurfHeightSetting = %c is not appropriate.', c1 = trim(SurfHeightSetting) )
      end if

      flag_first_SurfHeight = .false.
    end if

    ! 粗度長
    ! Roughness length
    !
    if ( present(xy_SurfRoughLength) ) then

      if ( RoughLengthSetting == 'file' ) then
        ! データをファイルから取得
        ! Data is input from files
        !
        if ( flag_first_SurfRoughLength ) then
          call HistoryGet( RoughLengthFile, RoughLengthName, xy_SurfRoughLength, flag_mpi_split = flag_mpi_init )    ! (in) optional
        end if
      else if ( RoughLengthSetting == 'LOContrast' ) then
        ! 粗度長の設定, 陸面と海洋の差のみ考慮
        ! Set roughness length, only considering land-ocean contrast
        !
        call SetRoughLenLandOceanContrast( xy_SurfCond, xy_SurfRoughLength )
      else if ( RoughLengthSetting == 'Matthews' ) then
        ! 粗度長の設定, Matthews のデータに基づく
        ! Set roughness length based on Matthews dataset
        !
        call SetRoughLenLandMatthews( xy_SurfCond, xy_SurfRoughLength )
      else if ( RoughLengthSetting == 'generate_internally' ) then
        ! データ (デフォルト値) を surface_data モジュールから取得
        ! Data (default values) is input from "surface_data" module
        !
        if ( flag_first_SurfRoughLength ) then
          call SetSurfData( xy_SurfRoughLength = xy_SurfRoughLength )
        end if
      else
        call MessageNotify( 'E', module_name, ' RoughLengthSetting = %c is not appropriate.', c1 = trim(RoughLengthSetting) )
      end if

      flag_first_SurfRoughLength = .false.
    end if


    ! 地表熱容量
    ! Surface heat capacity
    !
    if ( present(xy_SurfHeatCapacity) ) then

      if ( HeatCapacitySetting == 'file' ) then
        ! データをファイルから取得
        ! Data is input from files
        !
        if ( flag_first_SurfHeatCapacity ) then
          call HistoryGet( HeatCapacityFile, HeatCapacityName, xy_SurfHeatCapacity, flag_mpi_split = flag_mpi_init )      ! (in) optional
        end if
      else if ( HeatCapacitySetting == 'generate_internally' ) then
        ! データ (デフォルト値) を surface_data モジュールから取得
        ! Data (default values) is input from "surface_data" module
        !
        if ( flag_first_SurfHeatCapacity ) then
          call SetSurfData( xy_SurfHeatCapacity = xy_SurfHeatCapacity )
        end if
      else
        call MessageNotify( 'E', module_name, ' HeatCapacitySetting = %c is not appropriate.', c1 = trim(HeatCapacitySetting) )
      end if

      flag_first_SurfHeatCapacity = .false.
    end if

    ! 地中熱フラックス
    ! Ground temperature flux
    !
    if ( present(xy_GroundTempFlux) ) then

      if ( TempFluxSetting == 'file' ) then
        ! データをファイルから取得
        ! Data is input from files
        !
        if ( flag_first_GroundTempFlux ) then
          call HistoryGet( TempFluxFile, TempFluxName, xy_GroundTempFlux, flag_mpi_split = flag_mpi_init )  ! (in) optional
        end if
      else if ( TempFluxSetting == 'generate_internally' ) then
        ! データ (デフォルト値) を surface_data モジュールから取得
        ! Data (default values) is input from "surface_data" module
        !
        if ( flag_first_GroundTempFlux ) then
          call SetSurfData( xy_GroundTempFlux = xy_GroundTempFlux )
        end if
      else
        call MessageNotify( 'E', module_name, ' TempFluxSetting = %c is not appropriate.', c1 = trim(TempFluxSetting) )
      end if

      flag_first_GroundTempFlux = .false.
    end if

    ! 計算時間計測一時停止
    ! Pause measurement of computation time
    !
    call TimesetClockStop( module_name )


  end subroutine SetSurfaceProperties

  subroutine InitCheck
    !
    ! 依存モジュールの初期化チェック
    !
    ! Check initialization of dependency modules

    ! モジュール引用 ; USE statements
    !

    ! NAMELIST ファイル入力に関するユーティリティ
    ! Utilities for NAMELIST file input
    !
    use namelist_util, only: namelist_util_inited

    ! 出力ファイルの基本情報管理
    ! Management basic information for output files
    !
    use fileset, only: fileset_inited

    ! 格子点設定
    ! Grid points settings
    !
    use gridset, only: gridset_inited

    ! 物理定数設定
    ! Physical constants settings
    !
    use constants, only: constants_inited

    ! 座標データ設定
    ! Axes data settings
    !
    use axesset, only: axesset_inited

    ! 時刻管理
    ! Time control
    !
    use timeset, only: timeset_inited


    ! 実行文 ; Executable statement
    !

    if ( .not. namelist_util_inited ) call MessageNotify( 'E', module_name, '"namelist_util" module is not initialized.' )

    if ( .not. fileset_inited ) call MessageNotify( 'E', module_name, '"fileset" module is not initialized.' )

    if ( .not. gridset_inited ) call MessageNotify( 'E', module_name, '"gridset" module is not initialized.' )

    if ( .not. constants_inited ) call MessageNotify( 'E', module_name, '"constants" module is not initialized.' )

    if ( .not. axesset_inited ) call MessageNotify( 'E', module_name, '"axesset" module is not initialized.' )

    if ( .not. timeset_inited ) call MessageNotify( 'E', module_name, '"timeset" module is not initialized.' )


  end subroutine InitCheck

  subroutine SurfacePropertiesInit
    !
    ! surface_properties モジュールの初期化を行います. 
    ! NAMELIST#surface_properties_nml の読み込みはこの手続きで行われます. 
    !
    ! "surface_properties" module is initialized. 
    ! "NAMELIST#surface_properties_nml" is loaded in this procedure. 
    !

    ! モジュール引用 ; USE statements
    !

    ! 時刻管理
    ! Time control
    !
    use timeset, only: DelTime  ! $ \Delta t $ [s]

    ! NAMELIST ファイル入力に関するユーティリティ
    ! Utilities for NAMELIST file input
    !
    use namelist_util, only: namelist_filename, NmlutilMsg

    ! ファイル入出力補助
    ! File I/O support
    !
    use dc_iounit, only: FileOpen

    ! 種別型パラメタ
    ! Kind type parameter
    !
    use dc_types, only: STDOUT ! 標準出力の装置番号. Unit number of standard output

    ! 宣言文 ; Declaration statements
    !
    implicit none

    ! 作業変数
    ! Work variables
    !
    integer:: unit_nml        ! NAMELIST ファイルオープン用装置番号. 
                              ! Unit number for NAMELIST file open
    integer:: iostat_nml      ! NAMELIST 読み込み時の IOSTAT. 
                              ! IOSTAT of NAMELIST read

    ! NAMELIST 変数群
    ! NAMELIST group name
    !
    namelist /surface_properties_nml/ SurfTempSetting, SurfTempFile, SurfTempName, RoughLengthSetting, RoughLengthFile, RoughLengthName, HeatCapacitySetting, HeatCapacityFile, HeatCapacityName, TempFluxSetting, TempFluxFile, TempFluxName, SurfCondSetting, SurfCondFile, SurfCondName, SurfHeightSetting, SurfHeightFile, SurfHeightName

          ! デフォルト値については初期化手続 "surface_properties#SurfacePropertiesInit" 
          ! のソースコードを参照のこと. 
          !
          ! Refer to source codes in the initialization procedure
          ! "surface_properties#SurfacePropertiesInit" for the default values. 
          !

!!$      & OutputFile, &
!!$      & IntValue, IntUnit


    ! 実行文 ; Executable statement
    !

    if ( surface_properties_inited ) return
    call InitCheck
    ! デフォルト値の設定
    ! Default values settings
    !
    SurfTempSetting     = 'generate_internally'
    SurfTempFile        = ''
    SurfTempName        = ''
    RoughLengthSetting  = 'generate_internally'
    RoughLengthFile     = ''
    RoughLengthName     = ''
    HeatCapacitySetting = 'generate_internally'
    HeatCapacityFile    = ''
    HeatCapacityName    = ''
    TempFluxSetting     = 'generate_internally'
    TempFluxFile        = ''
    TempFluxName        = ''
    SurfCondSetting     = 'generate_internally'
    SurfCondFile        = ''
    SurfCondName        = ''
    SurfHeightSetting   = 'generate_internally'
    SurfHeightFile      = ''
    SurfHeightName      = ''

!!$    OutputFile = 'sst.nc'
!!$    IntValue   = 1.0_DP
!!$    IntUnit    = 'day'

    ! NAMELIST の読み込み
    ! NAMELIST is input
    !
    if ( trim(namelist_filename) /= '' ) then
      call FileOpen( unit_nml, namelist_filename, mode = 'r' ) ! (in)

      rewind( unit_nml )
      read( unit_nml, nml = surface_properties_nml, iostat = iostat_nml )
      close( unit_nml )

      call NmlutilMsg( iostat_nml, module_name ) ! (in)
      if ( iostat_nml == 0 ) write( STDOUT, nml = surface_properties_nml )
    end if

!!$    ! 出力時間間隔の設定
!!$    ! Configure time interval of output 
!!$    !
!!$    call DCDiffTimeCreate( PrevOutputTime, & ! (out)
!!$      & sec = 0.0_DP )                       ! (in)
!!$    call DCDiffTimeCreate( IntTime, & ! (out)
!!$      & IntValue, IntUnit )           ! (in)

    ! 印字 ; Print
    !
    call MessageNotify( 'M', module_name, '----- Initialization Messages -----' )
    call MessageNotify( 'M', module_name, 'Input:: ' )
    call MessageNotify( 'M', module_name, '  SurfTempSetting     = %c', c1 = trim(SurfTempSetting) )
    call MessageNotify( 'M', module_name, '  SurfTempFile        = %c', c1 = trim(SurfTempFile) )
    call MessageNotify( 'M', module_name, '  SurfTempName        = %c', c1 = trim(SurfTempName        ) )
    call MessageNotify( 'M', module_name, '  RoughLengthSetting  = %c', c1 = trim(RoughLengthSetting ) )
    call MessageNotify( 'M', module_name, '  RoughLengthFile     = %c', c1 = trim(RoughLengthFile ) )
    call MessageNotify( 'M', module_name, '  RoughLengthName     = %c', c1 = trim(RoughLengthName ) )
    call MessageNotify( 'M', module_name, '  HeatCapacitySetting = %c', c1 = trim(HeatCapacitySetting) )
    call MessageNotify( 'M', module_name, '  HeatCapacityFile    = %c', c1 = trim(HeatCapacityFile) )
    call MessageNotify( 'M', module_name, '  HeatCapacityName    = %c', c1 = trim(HeatCapacityName) )
    call MessageNotify( 'M', module_name, '  TempFluxSetting     = %c', c1 = trim(TempFluxSetting  ) )
    call MessageNotify( 'M', module_name, '  TempFluxFile        = %c', c1 = trim(TempFluxFile  ) )
    call MessageNotify( 'M', module_name, '  TempFluxName        = %c', c1 = trim(TempFluxName  ) )
    call MessageNotify( 'M', module_name, '  SurfCondSetting     = %c', c1 = trim(SurfCondSetting   ) )
    call MessageNotify( 'M', module_name, '  SurfCondFile        = %c', c1 = trim(SurfCondFile   ) )
    call MessageNotify( 'M', module_name, '  SurfCondName        = %c', c1 = trim(SurfCondName   ) )
    call MessageNotify( 'M', module_name, '  SurfHeightSetting   = %c', c1 = trim(SurfHeightSetting   ) )
    call MessageNotify( 'M', module_name, '  SurfHeightFile      = %c', c1 = trim(SurfHeightFile   ) )
    call MessageNotify( 'M', module_name, '  SurfHeightName      = %c', c1 = trim(SurfHeightName   ) )


!!$    call MessageNotify( 'M', module_name, 'Output:: ' )
!!$    call MessageNotify( 'M', module_name, '  OutputFile = %c', c1 = trim(OutputFile) )
!!$    call MessageNotify( 'M', module_name, '  IntTime    = %f [%c]', d = (/ IntValue /), c1 = trim(IntUnit) )
    call MessageNotify( 'M', module_name, '-- version = %c', c1 = trim(version) )

    surface_properties_inited = .true.
  end subroutine SurfacePropertiesInit