connection

1. 発生順：まず最初に

first
- 順番が最初
firstly
- used to introduce a first point of reason
- e.g., Firstly it is wrong and secondly it is extremely difficult to implement.
at first
- in the initial stage or stages、時間的に最初
in the beginning
initially
- at first
- e.g., Initially, he thought the new concept was nonsense.

2. 発生順：次に

then
- at that time, after that: 時間的にあとである必要がある。
later on
- at a time in the near future
soon
- in or after a
thereupon
- immediately or shortly after that
- e.g., He thereupon returned to Moscow.
meanwhile
- in the intervening period of time
next
- coming immediately after the time of writing or speaking.
- coming immediately after the present one in order or
in turn
- one after the other: 交替で

3. 発生順：最後に

finally
- after a long time, typically involving difficulty or delay. used to introduce a final point or
in the end
- eventually or on reflection
eventually
- in the end, esp. after a long delay, dispute, or series of problems
- e.g., Eventually, after midnight, I arrived at the hotel.

4. 同時生起

at the same time
- simultaneously.
- on the other hand
while
- during the time that; at the same time as
- whereas (indicating a contrast)
simultaneously
- occurring, operating, or done at the same time

5. 付加

and
also
- in addition; too
again
- another time; once more
furthermore
- in addition; besides (used to introduce a fresh consideration in an argument)
moreover
- as a further matter; besides
in addition
- as an extra person, thing, or circumstance
besides
- in addition to; apart from 口語的
as mentioned earlier
in (point of) fact
- used to emphasize the truth of an assertion, esp. one contrary to what might be expected or what has been asserted :

6. 説明

that is (to say)
- a formula introducing or following an explanation or further clarification of a preceding word or words.
- 述べたことの説明を始めるために使われる
in other words
- expressed in a different way; that is to say.
thus
- as a result or consequence of this; therefore.
- in the manner now being indicated or exemplified; in this way
namely
- that is to say; to be specific (used to introduce detailed information or a specific example)
- すでに(曖昧または間接的に)述べたものを名指ししたり、具体的にしたり、同じものであることを述べる(コメントする)。namelyの後に続く語は読み手が既に知っていて、推察可能な語が来る。
especially
- used to single out one person, thing, or situation over all others 文節を修飾しない
particularly
- to a higher degree than is usual or average.
- so as to give special emphasis to a point; specifically
in particular
- 特に, 特別に（ふつう焦点の当てられた語句の直後に置かれる）；詳細に（⇔ in general)
generally
- in most cases; usually.
- in general terms; without regard to particulars or exceptions
certainly
- undoubtedly; definitely; surely
altogether
- completely; totally
- including everything or everyone; in total : he had married several times and had forty-six children altogether.
- [ sentence adverb ] taking everything into consideration; on the whole :
evidently
- plainly or obviously; in a way that is clearly seen or understood.
- [ sentence adverb ] it is plain that; it would seem that
specifically
- clearly defined or identified
- precise and clear in making statements or issuing instructions : when ordering goods be specific.
- belonging or relating uniquely to a particular subject

7. 部分変更

incidentally
- [ sentence adverb ] used when a person has something more to say, or is about to add a remark unconnected to the current subject; by the way
by the way
- incidentally (used to introduce a minor topic not connected with what was being spoken about previously)
alternatively
- [ sentence adverb ] (of one or more things) available as another possibility

8. 関連・関心・例外

in this respect
in this regard
- in connection with the point previously mentioned
in regard to
with reference to this
- in relation to; as regards
aside from
- apart from.
- 例外に言及はするがそれほど重要なものではないという意味合い.
apart from
- except for
- in addition to; as well as :
- 例外に言及はするがそれほど重要なものではないという意味合い.
except for
- 例外の存在の重要さを強調する意味合いで使うことがある.
- except for = with the exception of
- (用法1) [ある性質Aで特徴付けられる物事の類] +, except for + [その類に属しているにも関わらず、性質Aを持っていない物事] +, [性質A]
- (用法2) [全般的な状況の説明] + , except for + [全般的な状況の一貫性を破る物事]
- 上記の用法以外では他の前置詞を用いる。
excepting, but (for), bar
- それら例外を別にすれば一般論が成り立つという積極的な主張. exceptingは改まった語で, butはもっぱらnone, nothing, all, anyoneなどのあとで用いられる.
in every part
on the basis of
- 副詞句で、一般に動詞を修飾するために用いられる。はっきりとした論理的つながりが必要。
based on
- 形容詞句なので、必ず名詞を修飾しなければならない。はっきりとした論理的つながりが必要。
in reference to, with respect to
- 参考にして
using
- 利用して

9. 比較

likewise
- in the same way; also
- used to introduce a point similar or related to one just made
- in a like manner; similarly
similarly
- [ sentence adverb ] used to indicate a similarity between two facts or events.
in the same way
on the one hand / on the other hand
- used to present factors that are opposed or that support opposing opinions. 対で用いるのが普通。
- 文A. On the other hand, 文B. このとき AとBは同じ主題にたいして、異なる見方を示さなければならない。
in/by contrast
- 必ず同種のものを対比する
as compared with

10. 例示

for example
- used to introduce something chosen as a typical case
for instance
- for instance as an example
to give an example for
to illustrate
in particular
- especially (used to show that a statement applies to one person or thing more than any other)
especially
- used to single out one person, thing, or situation over all others
- to a great extent; very much
- 文節を修飾しない
in this way
in what follows
namely
- that is to say; to be specific (used to introduce detailed information or a specific example)
- すでに(曖昧または間接的に)述べたものを名指ししたり、具体的にしたり、同じものであることを述べる(コメントする)。namelyの後に続く語は読み手が既に知っていて、推察可能な語が来る。
that is
- a formula introducing or following an explanation or further clarification of a preceding word or words
- 述べたことの説明を始めるために使われる

11. 理由・原因

because
- for the reason that; since 文中でつかうときはコンマ不要。
- 原因や理由を新たな情報として明確に述べるための接続詞。原因・理由を述べることが主な目的の場合はbecause節をあとに、その結果を述べるのは主な目的ならばbecause節は前に持ってくる。
since
- in the intervening period between (the time mentioned) and the time under consideration, typically the present
- [ conj. ] for the reason that: because
- [ adv. ] ago
- 読み手もすでにわかっているだろうと思われることを理由として持ち出すときに使う。Since節を前に置くことがおおい。
for this reason
on account of
- because of
because of
- on account of; by reason of
- of につづく名詞は“理由を生み出すもの”であって理由(reason)そのものではない。
owing to
- because of or on account of :
this is attributed to A
this is due to A
- caused by or ascribable to
- because of; owing to
A results from B
B results in A
this arises from
this originates from
this is caused by
this is an explanation of why…
take account of A
- consider a specified thing along with other factors before reaching a decision or taking action.
take A into account of
- 同上
A yields that

12. 結果・帰結

so
therefore
- for that reason; consequently. 前の文(節)の内容が、後の内容を行う/となる理由をあらわす。A文. B文. C文. (A, B, Cの内容)ゆえにD. のような使い方はできない。
consequently
- as a result. 状況に対して使用される。
hence
- as a consequence; for this reason
- in the future (used after a period of time)
- (also from hence) from here
- 論理的な「自然な脈絡」 = as an inference, as a deduction, it is implied that, it follows that
thus
- as a result or consequence of this; therefore
- in the manner now being indicated or exemplified; in this way
- [as submodifier ] to this point; so
as a result
- (前文の) 結果として。状況に対して使用される。
as the result
- (前文の) 結果として。具体的なもの(数式なども含む)に対して使用される。
this shows
this indicates
it follows
on this basis
arising out of this
thereby
- by that means; as a result of that :
according to A
- as stated by or in • in a manner corresponding or conforming to • in proportion or relation to.
- Aは必ず名詞で、以下の3つが正しい用法で、これら以外の意味の「によって、によれば、に従って」の訳語としては使えない。どうせなら、下記の同義表現を用いるべき。
  - in keeping with, in agreement with　～と合致して
  - as stated by, on the authority of ～で表明された通りに
  - in the manner determined by　～で定義された通りに
accordingly
- in a way that is appropriate to the particular circumstances
- [ sentence adverb ] consequently; therefore
in consequence
- as a result.
due to A
- caused by or ascribable to
- because of; owing to. 形容詞句である。名詞を修飾する。
owing to A
- owing to because of or on account of これは副詞句。
for this reason
for the reasons stated/mentioned above
- 上記の(複数の)理由により

13. 反対・対称

but
- used to introduce something contrasting with what has already been mentioned
however
- used to introduce a statement that contrasts with or seems to contradict something that has been said previously
- 副詞であり、接続詞ではない。よって文節をつなぐことはできない。セミコロンで文と文をつなぐことが多い。
conversely
- introducing a statement or idea that reverses one that has just been made or referred to
instead
- as an alternative or substitute
nevertheless
- in spite of that; notwithstanding; all the same
in spite of that
- without being affected by the particular factor mentioned
despite
- without being affected by; in spite of
- 前置詞であり、接続詞ではない。
oppositely
- [ attrib. ] having a position on the other or further side of something; facing something, esp. something of the same type
on the one hand / on the other hand
- used to present factors that are opposed or that support opposing opinions. 対で用いるのが普通。
- 文A. On the other hand, 文B. このとき AとBは同じ主題にたいして、異なる見方を示さなければならない。
on the contrary
in/by contrast
- 必ず同種のものを対比する
contrary to this
whereas
- in contrast or comparison with the fact that
unlike
- dissimilar or different from each other

14. 譲歩

though
- despite the fact that; although
although
- in spite of the fact that; even though
even though
- despite the fact that
but
however
- used to introduce a statement that contrasts with or seems to contradict something that has been said previously
- 副詞であり、接続詞ではない。よって文節をつなぐことはできない。セミコロンで文と文をつなぐことが多い。
conversely
- introducing a statement or idea that reverses one that has just been made or referred to
instead
- as an alternative or substitute
nevertheless
- in spite of that; notwithstanding; all the same
notwithstanding
anyhow
- another term for anyway.
at any rate
- whatever happens or may have happened • used to indicate that one is correcting or clarifying a previous statement or emphasizing a following one
that being so

15. 結論

in conclusion
- lastly; to sum up
as a conclusion
to conclude
conclusively
- serving to prove a case; decisive or convincing :
finally
- after a long time, typically involving difficulty or delay • as the last in a series of related events or objects • [ sentence adverb ] used to introduce a final point or reason • in such a way as to put an end to doubt and dispute
to sum up
- give a brief summary of something
in sum
- to sum up; in summary
in summary
- in short
in a word
- briefly
in short
- to sum up; briefly :
to make a long story short

16. 目的

so that…
in order that…
- with the intention; so that
so as to
- in order to do something
in such a way that…
in such a way as to

17. 指摘

It should be pointed out that
Note that
Bear in mind that
It is notable that
It is noteworthy that
It should be emphasize that
We should be keep in mind that

18. 類似

similarly
- [ sentence adverb ] used to indicate a similarity between two facts or events :
likewise
- in the same way; also• used to introduce a point similar or related to one just made
- in a like manner; similarly

19. 場合

in the case that, in the situation that, for the case that
場合の意味で用いる。

つなぎ言葉

1. 発生順：まず最初に

2. 発生順：次に

3. 発生順：最後に

4. 同時生起

5. 付加

6. 説明

7. 部分変更

8. 関連・関心・例外

9. 比較

10. 例示

11. 理由・原因

12. 結果・帰結

13. 反対・対称

14. 譲歩

15. 結論

16. 目的

17. 指摘

18. 類似

19. 場合