subroutine RadiationDennouAGCMFinalize
    !
    ! リスタートファイルのクローズと, 
    ! モジュール内部の変数の割り付け解除を行います. 
    !
    ! Close a restart file, and 
    ! deallocate variables in this module. 
    !

    ! モジュール引用 ; USE statements
    !

    ! リスタートデータ入出力
    ! Restart data input/output
    !
    use gtool_history, only: HistoryClose

    ! 宣言文 ; Declaration statements
    !
    implicit none

    ! 実行文 ; Executable statement
    !

    if ( .not. radiation_DennouAGCM_inited ) return

    ! デフォルト値へ戻す
    ! Return to default values
    !
    Old_Flux_saved = .false.

    ! リスタートファイルのクローズ
    ! close a restart file
    !
    call HistoryClose( history = gthst_rst ) ! (inout)

    ! 割り付け解除
    ! Deallocation
    !
    if ( allocated( xy_IncomRadSFlux     ) ) deallocate( xy_IncomRadSFlux     )
    if ( allocated( xy_InAngle           ) ) deallocate( xy_InAngle           )
    if ( allocated( xy_TempSave          ) ) deallocate( xy_TempSave          )
    if ( allocated( xyr_RadLFluxSave     ) ) deallocate( xyr_RadLFluxSave     )
    if ( allocated( xyr_RadSFluxSave     ) ) deallocate( xyr_RadSFluxSave     )
    if ( allocated( xyra_DelRadLFluxSave ) ) deallocate( xyra_DelRadLFluxSave )

    radiation_DennouAGCM_inited = .false.
  end subroutine RadiationDennouAGCMFinalize

  subroutine RadiationDennouAGCMFlux( xyz_Temp, xyz_QVap, xyr_Press, xy_SurfTemp, xy_SurfAlbedo, xyr_RadLFlux, xyr_RadSFlux, xyra_DelRadLFlux, flag_rst )
    !
    ! 温度, 比湿, 気圧から, 放射フラックスを計算します. 
    !
    ! Calculate radiation flux from temperature, specific humidity, and 
    ! air pressure. 
    !

    ! モジュール引用 ; USE statements
    !

    ! 短波入射 (太陽入射)
    ! Short wave (insolation) incoming
    !
    use radiation_short_income, only: ShortIncoming

    ! 物理定数設定
    ! Physical constants settings
    !
    use constants, only: Grav ! $ g $ [m s-2]. 
                              ! 重力加速度. 
                              ! Gravitational acceleration

    ! 時刻管理
    ! Time control
    !
    use timeset, only: TimeN, EndTime, TimesetClockStart, TimesetClockStop

    ! リスタートデータ出力
    ! Restart data output
    !
    use gtool_history, only: HistoryPut, HistorySetTime

    ! デバッグ用ユーティリティ
    ! Utilities for debug
    !
    use dc_trace, only: DbgMessage, BeginSub, EndSub

    ! 宣言文 ; Declaration statements
    !
    implicit none

    real(DP), intent(in):: xyz_Temp  (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)
                              ! $ T $ .     温度. Temperature
    real(DP), intent(in):: xyz_QVap  (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)
                              ! $ q $ .     比湿. Specific humidity
    real(DP), intent(in):: xyr_Press (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 0:kmax)
                              ! $ \hat{p} $ . 気圧 (半整数レベル). 
                              ! Air pressure (half level)
    real(DP), intent(in):: xy_SurfTemp (0:imax-1, 1:jmax)
                              ! 地表面温度. 
                              ! Surface temperature
    real(DP), intent(in):: xy_SurfAlbedo (0:imax-1, 1:jmax)
                              ! 地表アルベド. 
                              ! Surface albedo

    real(DP), intent(out):: xyr_RadLFlux (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 0:kmax)
                              ! 長波フラックス. 
                              ! Longwave flux
    real(DP), intent(out):: xyr_RadSFlux (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 0:kmax)
                              ! 短波 (日射) フラックス. 
                              ! Shortwave (insolation) flux
    real(DP), intent(out):: xyra_DelRadLFlux (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 0:kmax, 0:1)
                              ! 長波地表温度変化. 
                              ! Long wave flux tendency with surface temperature (for save)
    logical, intent(in), optional:: flag_rst
                              ! リスタートであることを示すフラグ. 
                              ! .true. が与えられる場合, 
                              ! 長波放射, 短波放射に関するリスタート
                              ! ファイルが必要になります. 
                              ! リスタートファイルに関する情報は
                              ! NAMELIST#radiation_DennouAGCM_nml
                              ! で指定されます. 
                              ! デフォルトは .false. です. 
                              ! 
                              ! Flag for restart. 
                              ! If .true. is given, 
                              ! a restart file for long radiation 
                              ! and short radiation is needed. 
                              ! Information about the restart file 
                              ! is specified by "NAMELIST#radiation_DennouAGCM_nml".
                              ! Default value is .false.
                              ! 

    ! 作業変数
    ! Work variables
    !
    real(DP):: xyr_ColDenQVap (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 0:kmax)
                              ! $ \int_z^{\infty} \rho q \, dz $ . 
                              ! 鉛直層 k より上空の水蒸気のカラム密度. 
                              ! Column density of water vapor above vertical level k. 
    real(DP):: xyr_ColDenDryAir (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 0:kmax)
                              ! $ \int_z^{\infty} \rho \, dz $ . 
                              ! 鉛直層 k より上空の空気のカラム密度. 
                              ! Column density of air above vertical level k. 
    integer:: k               ! 鉛直方向に回る DO ループ用作業変数
                              ! Work variables for DO loop in vertical direction
    logical:: flag_rst_output
                              ! リスタートファイル出力のフラグ. 
                              ! Flag for output of a restart file

    ! 実行文 ; Executable statement
    !

    ! 計算時間計測開始
    ! Start measurement of computation time
    !
    call TimesetClockStart( module_name )

    ! 初期化
    ! Initialization
    !
    if ( .not. radiation_DennouAGCM_inited ) call RadiationInit( flag_rst )

    ! 鉛直層 k より上空のカラム密度の計算
    ! Calculate column density above vertical level k
    !
    xyr_ColDenQVap  (:,:,kmax) = 0.
    xyr_ColDenDryAir(:,:,kmax) = 0.

    do k = kmax-1, 0, -1
      xyr_ColDenQVap(:,:,k) = xyr_ColDenQVap(:,:,k+1) + xyz_QVap(:,:,k+1) * ( xyr_Press(:,:,k) - xyr_Press(:,:,k+1) ) / Grav

      xyr_ColDenDryAir(:,:,k) = xyr_ColDenDryAir(:,:,k+1) + ( xyr_Press(:,:,k) - xyr_Press(:,:,k+1) ) / Grav
    end do

    ! 長波フラックスの算出
    ! Calculate long wave flux
    !
    if ( TimeN - PrevTimeLong >= IntTimeLong .or. .not. Old_Flux_saved ) then

      if ( .not. Old_Flux_saved ) then
        PrevTimeLong = TimeN
      else
        PrevTimeLong = PrevTimeLong + IntTimeLong
      end if

      call LongFlux( xyz_Temp, xy_SurfTemp, xyr_ColDenQVap, xyr_ColDenDryAir, xyr_RadLFlux, xyra_DelRadLFlux )                     ! (out)

    ! 前回の値を利用
    ! Use values in last time
    !
    else

      xyr_RadLFlux = xyr_RadLFluxSave
      xyra_DelRadLFlux = xyra_DelRadLFluxSave

      if ( .not. flag_rst_input ) then
        do k = 0, kmax
          xyr_RadLFlux(:,:,k) = xyr_RadLFlux(:,:,k) + xyra_DelRadLFlux(:,:,k,1) * ( xyz_Temp(:,:,1) - xy_TempSave )

          xyra_DelRadLFlux(:,:,k,1) = xyra_DelRadLFlux(:,:,k,1) / ( xy_TempSave**3 ) * ( xyz_Temp(:,:,1)**3 )
        end do
      else
        flag_rst_input = .false.
        call DbgMessage( '%c: restart data is used. ', c1 = module_name )
      end if
    end if

    ! 短波 (日射) フラックスの算出
    ! Calculate short wave (insolation)
    !
    if ( TimeN - PrevTimeShort >= IntTimeShort .or. .not. Old_Flux_saved ) then

      if ( .not. Old_Flux_saved ) then
        PrevTimeShort = TimeN
      else
        PrevTimeShort = PrevTimeShort + IntTimeShort
      end if

      ! 短波入射の計算
      ! Calculate short wave (insolation) incoming radiation
      !
      call ShortIncoming( xy_IncomRadSFlux = xy_IncomRadSFlux, xy_InAngle       = xy_InAngle )

      ! 大気アルベドの考慮
      ! Taking atmospheric albedo into consideration
      !
      xy_IncomRadSFlux = xy_IncomRadSFlux * ( 1.0d0 - ShortAtmosAlbedo )

      ! 短波フラックスの計算
      ! Calculate short wave (insolation) flux
      !
      xyr_RadSFlux(:,:,0:kmax-1) = 0.
      xyr_RadSFlux(:,:,  kmax  ) = xy_IncomRadSFlux

      call ShortFlux( xyr_ColDenQVap, xyr_ColDenDryAir, xy_SurfAlbedo, xyr_RadSFlux )                               ! (inout)

    ! 前回の値を利用
    ! Use values in last time
    ! 
    else

      xyr_RadSFlux = xyr_RadSFluxSave
    end if


    ! 今回計算した値を保存
    ! Save calculated values in this time
    !
    xy_TempSave          = xyz_Temp (:,:,1)
    xyr_RadLFluxSave     = xyr_RadLFlux
    xyr_RadSFluxSave     = xyr_RadSFlux
    xyra_DelRadLFluxSave = xyra_DelRadLFlux

    if ( .not. Old_Flux_saved ) Old_Flux_saved = .true.

    ! リスタートファイルの出力タイミングのチェック
    ! Check output timing of a restart file
    !
    flag_rst_output = TimeN - PrevRstOutputTime >= RstFileIntTime
    if ( TimeN >= EndTime .and. .not. flag_rst_output_end ) then
      flag_rst_output = .true.
      flag_rst_output_end = .true.
    end if
    flag_rst_output = ( .not. TimeN == PrevRstOutputTime ) .and. flag_rst_output

    if ( flag_rst_output ) then
      ! 次回用に, 今回の出力 (希望) 時刻 を保存
      ! Save output time (expected) in this time, for next time
      !
      PrevRstOutputTime = PrevRstOutputTime + RstFileIntTime

      ! 時刻の設定
      ! Set time
      !
      call HistorySetTime( timed = TimeN, history = gthst_rst )

      ! データ出力
      ! Data output
      !
      call HistoryPut( 'PrevTimeLong', PrevTimeLong, history = gthst_rst ) ! (in)
      call HistoryPut( 'PrevTimeShort', PrevTimeShort, history = gthst_rst ) ! (in)
      call HistoryPut( 'SurfTemp', xy_TempSave, history = gthst_rst ) ! (in)
      call HistoryPut( 'RadLFlux', xyr_RadLFluxSave, history = gthst_rst ) ! (in)
      call HistoryPut( 'RadSFlux', xyr_RadSFluxSave, history = gthst_rst ) ! (in)
      call HistoryPut( 'DelRadLFlux', xyra_DelRadLFluxSave, history = gthst_rst ) ! (in)

    end if

    ! 計算時間計測一時停止
    ! Pause measurement of computation time
    !
    call TimesetClockStop( module_name )

  end subroutine RadiationDennouAGCMFlux

  subroutine InitCheck
    !
    ! 依存モジュールの初期化チェック
    !
    ! Check initialization of dependency modules

    ! モジュール引用 ; USE statements
    !

    ! NAMELIST ファイル入力に関するユーティリティ
    ! Utilities for NAMELIST file input
    !
    use namelist_util, only: namelist_util_inited

    ! 格子点設定
    ! Grid points settings
    !
    use gridset, only: gridset_inited

    ! 物理定数設定
    ! Physical constants settings
    !
    use constants, only: constants_inited

    ! 座標データ設定
    ! Axes data settings
    !
    use axesset, only: axesset_inited

    ! 時刻管理
    ! Time control
    !
    use timeset, only: timeset_inited

    ! リスタートデータ入出力
    ! Restart data input/output
    !
    use restart_file_io, only: restart_file_io_inited

    ! 実行文 ; Executable statement
    !

    if ( .not. namelist_util_inited ) call MessageNotify( 'E', module_name, '"namelist_util" module is not initialized.' )

    if ( .not. gridset_inited ) call MessageNotify( 'E', module_name, '"gridset" module is not initialized.' )

    if ( .not. constants_inited ) call MessageNotify( 'E', module_name, '"constants" module is not initialized.' )

    if ( .not. axesset_inited ) call MessageNotify( 'E', module_name, '"axesset" module is not initialized.' )

    if ( .not. timeset_inited ) call MessageNotify( 'E', module_name, '"timeset" module is not initialized.' )

    if ( .not. restart_file_io_inited ) call MessageNotify( 'E', module_name, '"restart_file_io" module is not initialized.' )

  end subroutine InitCheck

  subroutine LongFlux( xyz_Temp, xy_SurfTemp, xyr_ColDenQVap, xyr_ColDenDryAir, xyr_RadLFlux, xyra_DelRadLFlux )
    !
    ! 長波フラックスの計算
    !
    ! Calculate long wave flux
    !

    ! モジュール引用 ; USE statements
    !

    ! 物理定数設定
    ! Physical constants settings
    !
    use constants, only: StB  ! $ \sigma_{SB} $ . 
                              ! ステファンボルツマン定数. 
                              ! Stefan-Boltzmann constant

    ! 宣言文 ; Declaration statements
    !
    implicit none
    real(DP), intent(in):: xyz_Temp (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)
                              ! $ T $ .     温度. Temperature

    real(DP), intent(in):: xy_SurfTemp (0:imax-1, 1:jmax)
                              ! 地表面温度. 
                              ! Surface temperature
    real(DP), intent(in):: xyr_ColDenQVap (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 0:kmax)
                              ! $ \int_z^{\infty} \rho q \, dz $ . 
                              ! 鉛直層 k より上空の水蒸気のカラム密度. 
                              ! Column density of water vapor above vertical level k. 
    real(DP), intent(in):: xyr_ColDenDryAir (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 0:kmax)
                              ! $ \int_z^{\infty} \rho \, dz $ . 
                              ! 鉛直層 k より上空の空気のカラム密度. 
                              ! Column density of air above vertical level k. 
    real(DP), intent(out):: xyr_RadLFlux (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 0:kmax)
                              ! 長波フラックス. 
                              ! Longwave flux
    real(DP), intent(out):: xyra_DelRadLFlux (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 0:kmax, 0:1)
                              ! 長波地表温度変化. 
                              ! Surface temperature tendency with longwave

    ! 作業変数
    ! Work variables
    !
    real(DP):: xyrr_Trans(0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 0:kmax, 0:kmax)
                              ! 透過係数. 
                              ! Transmission coefficient
    real(DP):: xyz_PiB (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)
                              ! $ \pi B = \sigma T^{4} $
    real(DP):: xy_SurfPiB (0:imax-1, 1:jmax)
                              ! 地表面の $ \pi B $ . 
                              ! $ \pi B $ on surface
    real(DP):: xy_PiDBDT1    (0:imax-1, 1:jmax)
                              ! $ \pi DBDT = 4 \sigma T^{3} at lowest level$
    real(DP):: xy_SurfPiDBDT (0:imax-1, 1:jmax)
                              ! 地表面の $ \pi DBDT $ . 
                              ! $ \pi B $ on surface

    real(DP):: BandWeightSum  ! バンドウェイトの和
                              ! Sum of band weights

    integer:: k, kk           ! 鉛直方向に回る DO ループ用作業変数
                              ! Work variables for DO loop in vertical direction
    integer:: bn              ! 波長について回る DO ループ用作業変数
                              ! Work variables for DO loop in wavenumber bands

    ! 実行文 ; Executable statement
    !

    ! バンドウェイトの設定
    ! Configure band weight
    !
    BandWeightSum = 0.

    do bn = 1, LongBandNum
      BandWeightSum =  BandWeightSum + LongBandWeight(bn)
    end do

    do bn = 1, LongBandNum
      LongBandWeight(bn) = LongBandWeight(bn) / BandWeightSum
    end do


    ! 透過関数計算
    ! Calculate transmission functions
    !
    !   Initialization
    !
    xyrr_Trans = 0.
    !
    do bn = 1, LongBandNum

      do k = 0, kmax
        do kk = k, kmax
          xyrr_Trans(:,:,k,kk) = xyrr_Trans(:,:,k,kk) + LongBandWeight(bn) * exp( - LongPathLengthFact * (   LongAbsorpCoefQVap(bn) * abs(   xyr_ColDenQVap(:,:,kk) - xyr_ColDenQVap(:,:,k)  ) + LongAbsorpCoefDryAir(bn) * abs(   xyr_ColDenDryAir(:,:,kk) - xyr_ColDenDryAir(:,:,k)  ) ) )
        end do
      end do

    end do

    do k = 0, kmax
      do kk = 0, k-1
        xyrr_Trans(:,:,k,kk) = xyrr_Trans(:,:,kk,k)
      end do
    end do


    ! $ \pi B $, $ \pi DBDT $ の計算
    ! Calculate $ \pi B $ and $ \pi DBDT $
    !
    xyz_PiB       = StB * ( xyz_Temp**4 )
    xy_SurfPiB    = StB * ( xy_SurfTemp**4 )
    xy_PiDBDT1    = 4.0_DP * xyz_PiB(:,:,1) / xyz_Temp(:,:,1)
    xy_SurfPiDBDT = 4.0_DP * xy_SurfPiB / xy_SurfTemp


    ! Integrate radiative transfer equation
    !
    do k = 0, kmax
      xyr_RadLFlux(:,:,k) = xy_SurfPiB * xyrr_Trans(:,:,k,0)

      do kk = 0, kmax-1
        xyr_RadLFlux(:,:,k) = xyr_RadLFlux(:,:,k) - xyz_PiB(:,:,kk+1) * ( xyrr_Trans(:,:,k,kk) - xyrr_Trans(:,:,k,kk+1) )
      end do
    end do

    ! 長波地表温度変化の計算
    ! Calclate surface temperature tendency with long wave
    !
    do k = 0, kmax
      xyra_DelRadLFlux(:,:,k,0) = xy_SurfPiDBDT * xyrr_Trans(:,:,k,0)

      xyra_DelRadLFlux(:,:,k,1) = xy_PiDBDT1 * ( xyrr_Trans(:,:,k,1) - xyrr_Trans(:,:,k,0) )
    end do


  end subroutine LongFlux

  subroutine RadiationInit( flag_rst )
    !
    ! radiation_DennouAGCM モジュールの初期化を行います. 
    ! NAMELIST#radiation_DennouAGCM_nml の読み込みはこの手続きで行われます. 
    !
    ! "radiation_DennouAGCM" module is initialized. 
    ! "NAMELIST#radiation_DennouAGCM_nml" is loaded in this procedure. 
    !

    ! モジュール引用 ; USE statements
    !

    ! 出力ファイルの基本情報
    ! Basic information for output files
    ! 
    use fileset, only: FileTitle, FileSource, FileInstitution
                              ! データファイルを最終的に変更した組織/個人. 
                              ! Institution or person that changes data files for the last time

    ! 物理定数設定
    ! Physical constants settings
    !
    use constants, only: PI   ! $ \pi $ .
                              ! 円周率.  Circular constant

    ! 座標データ設定
    ! Axes data settings
    !
    use axesset, only: x_Lon, x_Lon_Weight, y_Lat, y_Lat_Weight, z_Sigma, r_Sigma, z_DelSigma
                              ! $ \Delta \sigma $ (整数). 
                              ! $ \Delta \sigma $ (Full)

    ! 時刻管理
    ! Time control
    !
    use timeset, only: RestartTime           ! リスタート開始時刻. 
                              ! Retart time of calculation


    ! NAMELIST ファイル入力に関するユーティリティ
    ! Utilities for NAMELIST file input
    !
    use namelist_util, only: namelist_filename, NmlutilMsg, NmlutilAryValid

    ! 暦と日時の取り扱い
    ! Calendar and Date handler
    !
    use dc_calendar, only: DCCalConvertByUnit

    ! ファイル入出力補助
    ! File I/O support
    !
    use dc_iounit, only: FileOpen

    ! 種別型パラメタ
    ! Kind type parameter
    !
    use dc_types, only: STDOUT ! 標準出力の装置番号. Unit number of standard output

    ! 組み込み関数 PRESENT の拡張版関数
    ! Extended functions of intrinsic function "PRESENT"
    !
    use dc_present, only: present_and_true

    ! リスタートデータ入出力
    ! Restart data input/output
    !
    use gtool_history, only: HistoryCreate, HistoryAddAttr, HistoryAddVariable, HistoryPut, HistoryGet, HistoryGetAttr

    ! 文字列操作
    ! Character handling
    !
    use dc_string, only: toChar

    ! 宣言文 ; Declaration statements
    !
    implicit none
    logical, intent(in), optional:: flag_rst
                              ! リスタートであることを示すフラグ. 
                              ! .true. が与えられる場合, 
                              ! 長波放射, 短波放射に関するリスタート
                              ! ファイルが必要になります. 
                              ! リスタートファイルに関する情報は
                              ! NAMELIST#radiation_DennouAGCM_nml
                              ! で指定されます. 
                              ! デフォルトは .false. です. 
                              ! 
                              ! Flag for restart. 
                              ! If .true. is given, 
                              ! a restart file for long radiation 
                              ! and short radiation is needed. 
                              ! Information about the restart file 
                              ! is specified by "NAMELIST#radiation_DennouAGCM_nml".
                              ! Default value is .false.
                              ! 

    character(STRING):: RstInputFile
                              ! 入力するリスタートデータのファイル名
                              ! Filename of input restart data

    character(STRING):: RstOutputFile
                              ! 出力するリスタートデータのファイル名
                              ! Filename of output restart data
    character(STRING):: time_range
                              ! 時刻の指定. 
                              ! Specification of time

    character(TOKEN):: dummy_str
                              ! 入力チェック用のダミー変数
                              ! Dummy variable for check of input
    logical:: get_err
                              ! 入力時のエラーフラグ. 
                              ! Error flag for input

    integer:: unit_nml        ! NAMELIST ファイルオープン用装置番号. 
                              ! Unit number for NAMELIST file open
    integer:: iostat_nml      ! NAMELIST 読み込み時の IOSTAT. 
                              ! IOSTAT of NAMELIST read

    character(STRING):: title_msg
                              ! 表題に付加するメッセージ. 
                              ! Message added to title

    real(DP):: origin_time
                              ! 計算開始時刻. 
                              ! Start time of calculation
    character(12):: time_unit
                              ! 日時の単位. Units of date and time

    logical:: flag_mpi_init

    ! NAMELIST 変数群
    ! NAMELIST group name
    !
    namelist /radiation_DennouAGCM_nml/ DelTimeLongValue, DelTimeLongUnit, DelTimeShortValue, DelTimeShortUnit, LongBandNum, LongAbsorpCoefQVap, LongAbsorpCoefDryAir, LongBandWeight, LongPathLengthFact, ShortBandNum, ShortAbsorpCoefQVap, ShortAbsorpCoefDryAir, ShortBandWeight, ShortSecScat, ShortAtmosAlbedo, RstInputFile, RstOutputFile
          !
          ! デフォルト値については初期化手続 "radiation_DennouAGCM#RadiationInit" 
          ! のソースコードを参照のこと. 
          !
          ! Refer to source codes in the initialization procedure
          ! "radiation_DennouAGCM#RadiationInit" for the default values. 
          !

    ! 実行文 ; Executable statement
    !

    if ( radiation_DennouAGCM_inited ) return
    call InitCheck

!    flag_mpi_init = .false.
    flag_mpi_init = .true.

    ! デフォルト値の設定
    ! Default values settings
    !

    ! 長波フラックス用情報
    ! Information for long wave flux
    !
    PrevTimeLong = RestartTime

    DelTimeLongValue = 3.0_DP
    DelTimeLongUnit  = 'hrs.'

    LongBandNum      = 4
    LongAbsorpCoefQVap     = -999.9_DP
    LongAbsorpCoefDryAir   = -999.9_DP
    LongBandWeight         = -999.9_DP
    LongAbsorpCoefQVap    (1:LongBandNum) = (/ 8.0_DP, 1.0_DP, 0.1_DP, 0.0_DP /)
    LongAbsorpCoefDryAir  (1:LongBandNum) = (/ 0.0_DP, 0.0_DP, 0.0_DP, 5.0e-5_DP /)
    LongBandWeight        (1:LongBandNum) = (/ 0.2_DP, 0.1_DP, 0.1_DP, 0.6_DP /)
    LongPathLengthFact = 1.5_DP

    ! 短波フラックス用情報
    ! Information for short wave flux
    !
    PrevTimeShort = RestartTime

    DelTimeShortValue = 1.0_DP
    DelTimeShortUnit  = 'hrs.'

    ShortBandNum = 1
    ShortAbsorpCoefQVap    = -999.9_DP
    ShortAbsorpCoefDryAir  = -999.9_DP
    ShortBandWeight        = -999.9_DP
    ShortAbsorpCoefQVap   (1:ShortBandNum) = (/ 0.002_DP /)
    ShortAbsorpCoefDryAir (1:ShortBandNum) = (/ 0.0_DP /)
    ShortBandWeight       (1:ShortBandNum) = (/ 1.0_DP /)
    ShortSecScat           = 1.66_DP
    ShortAtmosAlbedo       = 0.2_DP

    ! リスタートファイル情報
    ! Information about a restart file
    !
    RstInputFile  = ''
    RstOutputFile = 'rst_rad.nc'

    ! NAMELIST の読み込み
    ! NAMELIST is input
    !
    if ( trim(namelist_filename) /= '' ) then
      call FileOpen( unit_nml, namelist_filename, mode = 'r' ) ! (in)

      rewind( unit_nml )
      read( unit_nml, nml = radiation_DennouAGCM_nml, iostat = iostat_nml )             ! (out)
      close( unit_nml )

      call NmlutilMsg( iostat_nml, module_name ) ! (in)
    end if

    ! 時間間隔の処理
    ! Handle interval time
    !
    IntTimeLong  = DCCalConvertByUnit( DelTimeLongValue,  DelTimeLongUnit,  'sec' ) ! (in)
    IntTimeShort = DCCalConvertByUnit( DelTimeShortValue, DelTimeShortUnit, 'sec' ) ! (in)

    ! バンド数, 吸収係数, バンドウェイトのチェック
    ! Check number of band, absorption coefficients, band weight
    !
    call NmlutilAryValid( module_name, LongAbsorpCoefQVap, 'LongAbsorpCoefQVap', LongBandNum,        'LongBandNum' )         ! (in)

    call NmlutilAryValid( module_name, LongAbsorpCoefDryAir, 'LongAbsorpCoefDryAir', LongBandNum,          'LongBandNum' )           ! (in)

    call NmlutilAryValid( module_name, LongBandWeight, 'LongBandWeight', LongBandNum,    'LongBandNum' )      ! (in)

    call NmlutilAryValid( module_name, ShortAbsorpCoefQVap, 'ShortAbsorpCoefQVap', ShortBandNum,        'ShortBandNum' )         ! (in)

    call NmlutilAryValid( module_name, ShortAbsorpCoefDryAir, 'ShortAbsorpCoefDryAir', ShortBandNum,          'ShortBandNum' )           ! (in)

    call NmlutilAryValid( module_name, ShortBandWeight, 'ShortBandWeight', ShortBandNum,    'ShortBandNum' )      ! (in)

    ! 短波入射用変数の割付
    ! Allocate variables for short wave (insolation) incoming radiation
    !
    allocate( xy_IncomRadSFlux (0:imax-1, 1:jmax) )
    allocate( xy_InAngle (0:imax-1, 1:jmax) )

    ! 保存用の変数の割り付け
    ! Allocate variables for saving
    !
    allocate( xy_TempSave          (0:imax-1, 1:jmax) )
    allocate( xyr_RadLFluxSave     (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 0:kmax) )
    allocate( xyr_RadSFluxSave     (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 0:kmax) )
    allocate( xyra_DelRadLFluxSave (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 0:kmax, 0:1) )

    ! リスタートファイルの入力
    ! Input restart file
    !
    if ( present_and_true( flag_rst ) ) then

      if ( trim(RstInputFile) == '' ) then
        call MessageNotify( 'E', module_name, 'a restart file is needed. ' // 'Specify the restart file to "RstInputFile" in NAMELIST "radiation_DennouAGCM_nml"' )
      end if

      ! 時刻情報の取得
      ! Get time information
      !
      time_range = 'time=' // toChar( RestartTime )

      ! ファイルの有無を確認
      ! Conform an existence of an input file
      ! 
      call HistoryGetAttr( RstInputFile, 'lon', 'units', dummy_str, flag_mpi_split = flag_mpi_init, err = get_err )                                  ! (out)

      if ( get_err ) then
        call MessageNotify( 'E', module_name, 'restart/initial data file "%c" is not found.', c1 = trim(RstInputFile) )
      end if

      ! 入力
      ! Input
      !
      call HistoryGet( RstInputFile, 'SurfTemp', xy_TempSave, range = time_range, flag_mpi_split = flag_mpi_init ) ! (in) optional
      call HistoryGet( RstInputFile, 'RadLFlux', xyr_RadLFluxSave, range = time_range, flag_mpi_split = flag_mpi_init ) ! (in) optional
      call HistoryGet( RstInputFile, 'RadSFlux', xyr_RadSFluxSave, range = time_range, flag_mpi_split = flag_mpi_init ) ! (in) optional
      call HistoryGet( RstInputFile, 'DelRadLFlux', xyra_DelRadLFluxSave, range = time_range, flag_mpi_split = flag_mpi_init ) ! (in) optional

      call HistoryGet( RstInputFile, 'PrevTimeLong', PrevTimeLong, range = time_range, flag_mpi_split = flag_mpi_init ) ! (in) optional

      call HistoryGet( RstInputFile, 'PrevTimeShort', PrevTimeShort, range = time_range, flag_mpi_split = flag_mpi_init ) ! (in) optional

      flag_rst_input = .true.
      Old_Flux_saved = .true.
    else
      RstInputFile = ''
      flag_rst_input = .false.
      Old_Flux_saved = .false.
    end if

    ! 出力時間間隔の設定
    ! Configure time interval of output
    !
    PrevRstOutputTime = RestartTime

    ! リスタートファイルの作成
    ! Create a restart file
    !
    title_msg = ' restart data for "' // module_name // '" module'
!!$    origin_time = EvalByUnit( RestartTime, RstFileIntUnit )
!!$    time_unit = RstFileIntUnit
    time_unit = 'sec'

    call HistoryCreate( file = RstOutputFile, title = trim(FileTitle) // trim(title_msg), source = FileSource, institution = FileInstitution, dims = (/ 'lon  ', 'lat  ', 'sig  ', 'sigm ', 'sorbl', 'time ' /), dimsizes = (/ imax, jmax, kmax, kmax + 1, 2, 0 /), longnames = (/ 'longitude                             ', 'latitude                              ', 'sigma at layer midpoints              ', 'sigma at layer end-points (half level)', 'surface or bottom layer               ', 'time                                  ' /), units = (/ 'degree_east ', 'degree_north', '1           ', '1           ', '1           ', time_unit /), xtypes = (/'double', 'double', 'double', 'double', 'int   ', 'double'/), origind = RestartTime, intervald = RstFileIntValue, flag_mpi_split = flag_mpi_init, history = gthst_rst )            ! (out) optional

    ! 座標データの設定
    ! Axes data settings
    !
    call HistoryAddAttr( 'lon', attrname = 'standard_name', value = 'longitude', history = gthst_rst )                    ! (inout)
    call HistoryAddAttr( 'lat', attrname = 'standard_name', value = 'latitude', history = gthst_rst )                    ! (inout)
    call HistoryAddAttr( 'sig', attrname = 'standard_name', value = 'atmosphere_sigma_coordinate', history = gthst_rst )                    ! (inout)
    call HistoryAddAttr( 'sigm', attrname = 'standard_name', value = 'atmosphere_sigma_coordinate', history = gthst_rst )                    ! (inout)
    call HistoryAddAttr( 'time', attrname = 'standard_name', value = 'time', history = gthst_rst )                    ! (inout)
    call HistoryAddAttr( 'sig', attrname = 'positive', value = 'down', history = gthst_rst )                    ! (inout)
    call HistoryAddAttr( 'sigm', attrname = 'positive', value = 'down', history = gthst_rst )                    ! (inout)

    call HistoryPut( 'lon', x_Lon / PI * 180.0_DP, history = gthst_rst )           ! (inout)
    call HistoryPut( 'lat', y_Lat / PI * 180.0_DP, history = gthst_rst )           ! (inout)
    call HistoryPut( 'sig', z_Sigma, history = gthst_rst )           ! (inout)
    call HistoryPut( 'sigm', r_Sigma, history = gthst_rst )           ! (inout)
    call HistoryPut( 'sorbl', (/ 0, 1 /), history = gthst_rst )           ! (inout)

    ! 座標重みの設定
    ! Axes weights settings
    !
    call HistoryAddVariable( 'lon_weight', (/'lon'/), 'weight for integration in longitude', 'radian', xtype = 'double', history = gthst_rst )                              ! (inout)
    call HistoryAddAttr( 'lon', attrname = 'gt_calc_weight', value = 'lon_weight', history = gthst_rst )                     ! (inout)
    call HistoryPut( 'lon_weight', x_Lon_Weight, history = gthst_rst )                     ! (inout)

    call HistoryAddVariable( 'lat_weight', (/'lat'/), 'weight for integration in latitude', units = 'radian', xtype = 'double', history = gthst_rst )                                     ! (inout)
    call HistoryAddAttr( 'lat', attrname = 'gt_calc_weight', value = 'lat_weight', history = gthst_rst )                     ! (inout)
    call HistoryPut( 'lat_weight', y_Lat_Weight, history = gthst_rst )                     ! (inout)

    call HistoryAddVariable( 'sig_weight', (/'sig'/), 'weight for integration in sigma', '1', xtype = 'double', history = gthst_rst )                     ! (inout)
    call HistoryAddAttr( 'sig', attrname = 'gt_calc_weight', value = 'sig_weight', history = gthst_rst )                     ! (inout)
    call HistoryPut( 'sig_weight', z_DelSigma, history = gthst_rst )                     ! (inout)

    call HistoryAddVariable( 'PrevTimeLong', (/ 'time' /), 'previous time at which longwave flux is calculated', 'sec', xtype = 'double', history = gthst_rst )                       ! (inout)
    call HistoryAddVariable( 'PrevTimeShort', (/ 'time' /), 'previous time at which shortwave flux is calculated', 'sec', xtype = 'double', history = gthst_rst )                       ! (inout)

    call HistoryAddVariable( 'SurfTemp', (/ 'lon ', 'lat ', 'time' /), 'surface temperature', 'K', xtype = 'double', history = gthst_rst )                       ! (inout)
    call HistoryAddVariable( 'RadLFlux', (/ 'lon ', 'lat ', 'sigm', 'time' /), 'longwave flux', 'W m-2', xtype = 'double', history = gthst_rst )                       ! (inout)
    call HistoryAddVariable( 'RadSFlux', (/ 'lon ', 'lat ', 'sigm', 'time' /), 'shortwave flux', 'W m-2', xtype = 'double', history = gthst_rst )                       ! (inout)
    call HistoryAddVariable( 'DelRadLFlux', (/ 'lon  ', 'lat  ', 'sigm ', 'sorbl', 'time ' /), 'longwave flux tendency with surface temperature', 'W m-2 K-1', xtype = 'double', history = gthst_rst )                                             ! (inout)

    ! 印字 ; Print
    !
    call MessageNotify( 'M', module_name, '----- Initialization Messages -----' )
    call MessageNotify( 'M', module_name, 'Restart:' )

    if ( trim(RstInputFile) == '' ) then
      call MessageNotify( 'M', module_name, '  InputFile  = <no input>', c1 = trim( RstInputFile ) )
    else
      call MessageNotify( 'M', module_name, '  InputFile       = %c', c1 = trim( RstInputFile ) )
      call MessageNotify( 'M', module_name, '    PrevTimeLong  = %f [%c]', d = (/ PrevTimeLong /), c1 = 'sec' )
      call MessageNotify( 'M', module_name, '    PrevTimeShort = %f [%c]', d = (/ PrevTimeShort /), c1 = 'sec' )
    end if

    call MessageNotify( 'M', module_name, '  OutputFile = %c', c1 = trim( RstOutputFile ) )
    call MessageNotify( 'M', module_name, '  IntTime    = %f [%c] (same as IntTime in "restart_file_io" module)', d = (/ RstFileIntValue /), c1 = trim( RstFileIntUnit ) )
!
    call MessageNotify( 'M', module_name, 'DelTime:' )
    call MessageNotify( 'M', module_name, '  DelTimeLong  = %f [%c]', d = (/ DelTimeLongValue /), c1 = trim( DelTimeLongUnit ) )
    call MessageNotify( 'M', module_name, '  DelTimeShort = %f [%c]', d = (/ DelTimeShortValue /), c1 = trim( DelTimeShortUnit ) )
!
    call MessageNotify( 'M', module_name, 'LongFlux:' )
    call MessageNotify( 'M', module_name, '  LongBandNum            = %d', i = (/ LongBandNum /) )
    call MessageNotify( 'M', module_name, '  LongAbsorpCoefQVap     = (/ %*r /)', r = real( LongAbsorpCoefQVap(1:LongBandNum) ), n = (/ LongBandNum /) )
    call MessageNotify( 'M', module_name, '  LongAbsorpCoefDryAir   = (/ %*r /)', r = real( LongAbsorpCoefDryAir(1:LongBandNum) ), n = (/ LongBandNum /) )
    call MessageNotify( 'M', module_name, '  LongBandWeight         = (/ %*r /)', r = real( LongBandWeight(1:LongBandNum) ), n = (/ LongBandNum /) )
    call MessageNotify( 'M', module_name, '  LongPathLengthFact     = %f', d = (/ LongPathLengthFact /) )
!
    call MessageNotify( 'M', module_name, 'ShortFlux:' )
    call MessageNotify( 'M', module_name, '  ShortBandNum           = %d', i = (/ ShortBandNum /) )
    call MessageNotify( 'M', module_name, '  ShortAbsorpCoefQVap    = (/ %*r /)', r = real( ShortAbsorpCoefQVap(1:ShortBandNum) ), n = (/ ShortBandNum /) )
    call MessageNotify( 'M', module_name, '  ShortAbsorpCoefDryAir  = (/ %*r /)', r = real( ShortAbsorpCoefDryAir(1:ShortBandNum) ), n = (/ ShortBandNum /) )
    call MessageNotify( 'M', module_name, '  ShortBandWeight        = (/ %*r /)', r = real( ShortBandWeight(1:ShortBandNum) ), n = (/ ShortBandNum /) )
    call MessageNotify( 'M', module_name, '  ShortSecScat           = %f', d = (/ ShortSecScat /) )
    call MessageNotify( 'M', module_name, '  ShortAtmosAlbedo       = %f', d = (/ ShortAtmosAlbedo /) )

    call MessageNotify( 'M', module_name, '-- version = %c', c1 = trim(version) )

    radiation_DennouAGCM_inited = .true.
  end subroutine RadiationInit

  subroutine ShortFlux( xyr_ColDenQVap, xyr_ColDenDryAir, xy_SurfAlbedo, xyr_RadSFlux )
    !
    ! 短波フラックスを計算します.
    !
    ! Calculate short wave flux. 
    !

    ! モジュール引用 ; USE statements
    !

    ! 宣言文 ; Declaration statements
    !
    implicit none

    real(DP), intent(in):: xyr_ColDenQVap (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 0:kmax)
                              ! $ \int_z^{\infty} \rho q \, dz $ . 
                              ! 鉛直層 k より上空の水蒸気のカラム密度. 
                              ! Column density of water vapor above vertical level k. 
    real(DP), intent(in):: xyr_ColDenDryAir (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 0:kmax)
                              ! $ \int_z^{\infty} \rho \, dz $ . 
                              ! 鉛直層 k より上空の空気のカラム密度. 
                              ! Column density of air above vertical level k. 
    real(DP), intent(in):: xy_SurfAlbedo (0:imax-1, 1:jmax)
                              ! 地表アルベド. 
                              ! Surface albedo
    real(DP), intent(inout):: xyr_RadSFlux (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 0:kmax)
                              ! 短波 (日射) フラックス. 
                              ! Shortwave (insolation) flux

    ! 作業変数
    ! Work variables
    !
    real(DP):: BandWeightSum  ! バンドウェイトの和
                              ! Sum of band weights
    integer:: k               ! 鉛直方向に回る DO ループ用作業変数
                              ! Work variables for DO loop in vertical direction
    integer:: bn              ! 波長について回る DO ループ用作業変数
                              ! Work variables for DO loop in wavenumber bands

    ! 実行文 ; Executable statement
    !

    ! バンドウェイトの設定
    ! Configure band weight
    !
    BandWeightSum = 0.

    do bn = 1, ShortBandNum
      BandWeightSum = BandWeightSum + ShortBandWeight(bn)
    end do

    do bn = 1, ShortBandNum
      ShortBandWeight(bn) = ShortBandWeight(bn) / BandWeightSum
    end do

    do bn = 1, ShortBandNum
      do k = 0, kmax

        ! 各レベルでの下向き透過
        ! Downward transmission on each level
        !
        if ( k /= kmax ) then
          xyr_RadSFlux(:,:,k) = xyr_RadSFlux(:,:,k) + ShortBandWeight(bn) * xyr_RadSFlux(:,:,kmax) * exp( - xy_InAngle(:,:) * (   ShortAbsorpCoefQVap(bn) * xyr_ColDenQVap(:,:,k) + ShortAbsorpCoefDryAir(bn) * xyr_ColDenDryAir(:,:,k) ) )
        end if

        ! 各レベルでの上向き透過
        ! Upward transmission on each level
        !
        xyr_RadSFlux(:,:,k) = xyr_RadSFlux(:,:,k) - ShortBandWeight(bn) * xyr_RadSFlux(:,:,kmax) * exp( - xy_InAngle(:,:) * (   ShortAbsorpCoefQVap(bn) * xyr_ColDenQVap(:,:,0) + ShortAbsorpCoefDryAir(bn) * xyr_ColDenDryAir(:,:,0) ) ) * xy_SurfAlbedo * exp( - ShortSecScat * (   ShortAbsorpCoefQVap(bn) * ( xyr_ColDenQVap(:,:,0) - xyr_ColDenQVap(:,:,k) ) + ShortAbsorpCoefDryAir(bn) * ( xyr_ColDenDryAir(:,:,0) - xyr_ColDenDryAir(:,:,k) ) ) )
      end do
    end do

    ! 吸収なしの場合
    ! In the case of no absorption
    !
    if ( ShortBandNum == 0 ) then
      do k = 0, kmax
        xyr_RadSFlux(:,:,k) = ( 1.0_DP - xy_SurfAlbedo ) * xyr_RadSFlux(:,:,kmax)
      end do
    end if

  end subroutine ShortFlux